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Semitic Languages
*** Shopping-Tip: Semitic Languages
{{Infobox Language family
|name=Semitic
|region=
Middle East and
East Africa
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|child1=
East Semitic languages East Semitic
|child2=
West Semitic languages West Semitic}}
Image:Amarna Akkadian letter.png Amarna letters thumb|200px|14th century BC [[Amarna letters|diplomatic letter in
Akkadian language Akkadian, found in
Tell Amarna..html" title="Meaning of diplomatic letter.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|14th century BC [[Amarna letters|diplomatic letter">thumb|200px|14th century BC [[Amarna letters|diplomatic letter in
Akkadian language Akkadian, found in
Tell Amarna.">diplomatic letter.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|14th century BC [[Amarna letters|diplomatic letter">thumb|200px|14th century BC [[Amarna letters|diplomatic letter in
Akkadian language Akkadian, found in
Tell Amarna.
The '''Semitic languages''' are a family of languages spoken by more than 370 million people across much of the
Middle East and
North Africa North and
East Africa. They constitute the northeastern subfamily of the
Afro-Asiatic languages, and the only branch of this group spoken in
Asia.
The most widely spoken Semitic
language today is
Arabic language Arabic (206 million speakers), followed by
Amharic language Amharic (27 million speakers),
Tigrinya language Tigrinya (6.75 million speakers), and
Hebrew language Hebrew (5 million speakers). Semitic languages were among the earliest to attain a written form, with
Akkadian language Akkadian writing beginning in the middle of the third millennium BC. The term "Semitic" for these languages, after
Shem son of
Noah, is
etymologically a
misnomer in some ways (see
Semitic), but is nonetheless standard.
History
Origins
Image:Targum.jpg Hebrew Bible.html" title="Meaning of right right|thumb|200px|12th century [[Hebrew Bible script.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|12th century [[Hebrew Bible">right|thumb|200px|12th century [[Hebrew Bible script">thumb|200px|12th century [[Hebrew Bible">right|thumb|200px|12th century [[Hebrew Bible script
Since Semitic is a member of Afro-Asiatic, a principally African family, the first speakers of
Proto-Semitic are generally believed to have arrived in the Middle East from
Africa, in the
4th millennium BC, although this question is still much debated. Within recorded history, the spread of Semitic languages has consisted largely of a series of migrations from Arabia, overwhelming the populations of more fertile areas. When records begin in the mid
3rd millennium BC, the Semitic-speaking
Akkadians and
Amorites were entering
Mesopotamia from the deserts to the west, and were probably already present in places such as
Ebla in Syria.
2nd millennium BC
By the beginning of the
2nd millennium BC, East Semitic languages dominated in Mesopotamia, while West Semitic languages were probably spoken from Syria to
Yemen, although data are sparse.
Akkadian language Akkadian had become the dominant literary language of the
Fertile Crescent, using the
cuneiform script they adapted from the
Sumerians, while the sparsely attested
Eblaite language Eblaite disappeared with the city, and
Amorite language Amorite is attested only from proper names.
For the 2nd millennium, somewhat more data are available, thanks to the spread of an invention first used to capture the sounds of Semitic languages — the
alphabet.
Proto-Canaanite alphabet Proto-Canaanite texts from around 1500 BC yield the first undisputed attestations of a West Semitic language (although earlier testimonies are possibly preserved in
Middle Bronze Age alphabets), followed by the much more extensive
Ugaritic language Ugaritic tablets of northern Syria from around 1300 BC. Incursions of nomadic
Aramaeans from the Syrian desert begin around this time. Akkadian continued to flourish, splitting into
Babylonian and
Assyrian dialects.
1st millennium BC
Image:Estrangela.jpg Syriac language left|thumb|200px|9th century [[Syriac language|Syriac manuscript.html" title="Meaning of Syriac.html" title="Meaning of left|thumb|200px|9th century [[Syriac language|Syriac">left|thumb|200px|9th century [[Syriac language|Syriac manuscript">Syriac.html" title="Meaning of left|thumb|200px|9th century [[Syriac language|Syriac">left|thumb|200px|9th century [[Syriac language|Syriac manuscript
In the
1st millennium BC, the alphabet spread much further, giving us a picture not just of
Canaanite languages Canaanite but also of
Aramaic language Aramaic, and
South Arabian alphabet Old South Arabian. During this period, the case system, still vigorous in Ugaritic, seems to have started decaying in Northwest Semitic.
Phoenician language Phoenician colonies spread their Canaanite language throughout much of the Mediterranean, while its close relative
Hebrew language Hebrew became the vehicle of a religious literature, the
Torah and
Tanakh, that would have global ramifications. However, as an ironic result of the
Assyrian Empire's conquests,
Aramaic language Aramaic became the ''
lingua franca'' of the Fertile Crescent, gradually pushing Akkadian, Hebrew, Phoenician, and several other languages to extinction (although Hebrew remained in use as a
liturgical language), and developing a substantial literature. Meanwhile,
Ge'ez language Ge'ez texts, beginning in this era, give the first direct record of
Ethiopian Semitic languages.
Common Era
Image:AndalusQuran.JPG 12th century.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|200px|Page of a [[12th century Qur'an.html" title="Meaning of right|200px|Page of a [[12th century">thumb|right|200px|Page of a [[12th century
Qur'an">right|200px|Page of a [[12th century">thumb|right|200px|Page of a [[12th century
Qur'an
Syriac rose to importance as a literary language of early
Christianity in the 3rd to 5th centuries.
With the emergence of
Islam, the ascent of Aramaic was dealt a fatal blow by the
Arab conquests, which made another Semitic language —
Arabic language Arabic — the official language of an empire stretching from
Morocco to
Pakistan. With the patronage of the
caliphs and the prestige of its
liturgical language liturgical status, it rapidly became one of the world's main literary languages. Its spread among the masses took much longer; however, as natives abandoned their tongues for Arabic and as
Bedouin tribes settled in conquered areas, it became the language of not only central Arabia, but also Yemen, the Fertile Crescent, and Egypt. Most of the
Maghreb followed, particularly in the wake of the
Banu Hilal's incursion in the 11th century, and Arabic became the native language even of many inhabitants of
Al-Andalus Spain. After the collapse of the
Nubian kingdom of
Dongola in the 14th century, Arabic began to spread south of Egypt; soon after, the
Beni Hassan brought
Arabization to
Mauritania. The spread of Arabic continues even today in
Sudan and
Chad, both by peaceful
sociolinguistic processes, and by wars such as the
Darfur conflict.
Meanwhile, Semitic languages were diversifying in
Ethiopia and
Eritrea, where, under heavy
Cushitic languages Cushitic influence, they split into a number of languages, including
Amharic language Amharic and
Tigrinya language Tigrinya. With the expansion of
Ethiopia under the
Solomonid dynasty, Amharic, previously a minor local language, spread throughout much of the country, replacing languages both Semitic (such as
Gafat language Gafat) and non-Semitic (such as
Weyto language Weyto), and replacing Ge'ez as the principal literary language (though Ge'ez remains the liturgical language for Christians in the region); this spread continues to this day, with
Kemant language Kemant set to disappear in another generation.
Present situation
Arabic is spoken natively by majorities from
Mauritania to
Oman, and from
Iraq to the
Sudan; as the language of the
Qur'an and as a ''lingua franca'', it is widely studied in much of the
Muslim world as well. Its spoken form is divided into a number of
varieties of Arabic dialects, some not mutually comprehensible, united by a single written form.
Maltese language Maltese, genetically a descendant of Arabic, is the principal exception, having adopted a Latin orthography in accordance with its cultural situation.
Despite the ascendancy of Arabic in the Middle East, other Semitic languages are still to be found there. Hebrew, long extinct, was revived at the end of the
19th century by the
Jewish
linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, owing to the ideology of
Zionism, and has become the main language of
Israel, while remaining the liturgical language of Jews worldwide. Several small ethnic groups, especially the
Assyrians, continue to speak Aramaic in the mountains of northern
Iraq, eastern
Turkey, northwestern
Iran, and
Syria, while an older descendant of Aramaic,
Syriac language Syriac, is used liturgically by many Iraqi Christians. In
Yemen and
Oman, a few tribes continue to speak "Modern South Arabian" languages such as
Soqotri language Soqotri, very different both from Arabic and from the languages of the Old South Arabian inscriptions.
Ethiopia and
Eritrea contain a substantial number of Semitic languages, of which
Amharic in Ethiopia, and
Tigrigna language Tigrigna in Ethiopia and Eritrea, are the most widely spoken. Both are official languages of their respective countries, while
Ge'ez language Ge'ez remains the
liturgical language for Christians there. A number of
Gurage languages are to be found in the mountainous center of Ethiopia, while
Harari language Harari is restricted to the city of
Harar;
Tigre language Tigre, spoken in the Eritrean highlands, has over a million speakers.
Grammar
The Semitic languages share a number of grammatical features, although variation has naturally occurred - even within the same language as it evolved through time, such as Arabic from the 6th century AD to the present.
Word order
The reconstructed default word order in Proto-Semitic is
Verb Subject Object (VSO), possessed — possessor (NG), and noun — adjective (NA). In Classical and Modern Standard Arabic, this is still the dominant order: ''ra'Ä? muħammadun farÄ«dan.'' (Muhammad saw Farid.) However, VSO has given way in most modern Semitic languages to typologically more common orders (e.g. SVO); in many modern Arabic dialects, for example, the classical order VSO has given way to SVO. Modern Ethiopian Semitic languages are SOV, possessor — possessed, and adjective — noun, probably due to Cushitic influence; however, the oldest attested Ethiopian Semitic language,
Geez, was VSO, possessed — possessor, and noun — adjective[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=n2F3KfTWX_AC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=geez+%22word+order%22+verb&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Dgeez%2B%2522word%2Border%2522%2Bverb%26lr%3D&sig=7UeMpU-Fgts4OE_uQWgRsbmKlVs].
Cases in nouns and adjectives
The proto-Semitic three-case system (nominative, accusative and genitive) with differing vowel endings (-u, -a -i), fully preserved in Qur'anic Arabic (see
i`rab), Akkadian, and Ugaritic, has disappeared everywhere in the many colloquial forms of Semitic languages, although Modern Standard Arabic maintains such case endings (somewhat artificially) in literary and broadcasting contexts. An accusative ending -n is preserved in Ethiopian Semitic. Additionally, Semitic nouns and adjectives had a category of state, the indefinite state being expressed by
nunation.
Number in nouns
Semitic languages originally had three grammatical numbers: singular, dual, and plural. The dual continues to be used in Hebrew (''šana'' means "one year", ''šnatayim'' means "two years", and ''šanim'' means "years") and contemporary dialects of Arabic, as in the name for the nation of Bahrain (''baħr'' "sea" + ''-ayn'' "two"). The curious phenomenon of
broken plurals - e.g. in Arabic, ''sadd'' "one dam" vs. ''sudūd'' "dams" - found most profusely in the languages of Arabia and Ethiopia, may be partly of proto-Semitic origin, and partly elaborated from simpler origins.
Verb aspect and tense
The aspect systems of West and East Semitic differ substantially; Akkadian preserves a number of features generally attributed to Afro-Asiatic, such as gemination indicating the imperfect, while a stative form, still maintained in Akkadian, became a new perfect in West Semitic. Proto-West Semitic maintained two main verb aspects: '''perfect''' for completed action (with pronominal suffixes) and '''imperfect''' for uncompleted action (with pronominal prefixes and suffixes). In the extreme case of Neo-Aramaic, however, even the verb conjugations have been entirely reworked under Iranian influence.
Morphology: triliteral roots
All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems consisting of "triliteral" or
consonantal roots (normally consisting of three consonants), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed by inserting vowels with, potentially, prefixes, suffixes, or infixes (consonants inserted within the original root).
For instance, the root K-T-B, "write", yields in Arabic:
:''kataba'' means "he wrote"
:''kutiba'' means "it was written"
:''kitÄ?b'' means "book"
:''kutub'' means "books"
:''kitÄ?ba'' means "writing"
:''kÄ?tib'' means "writer"
:''kuttÄ?b'' means "writers"
:''maktab'' means "desk"
:''maktaba'' means "library"
:''maktūb'' means "written"
and in Hebrew (where it appears as K-T-V):
:''katav'' means "he wrote"
:''katvu'' means "they wrote"
:''katava'' means "article"
:''miktav'' means "postal letter"
:''ktav'' means "writing"
:''ktovet'' means "address"
:''miktava'' means "writing desk"
:''kotev'' means "he writes"
:''katuv'' means "written"
This root survives in Amharic only in the noun ''kitab'', meaning "amulet", and the verb "to vaccinate". Ethiopic-derived languages use a completely different root (T'-H-F) for the verb "to write".
Some such roots are found throughout most Semitic languages, while others are more restricted in their distribution.
Verbs in other Afro-Asiatic languages show similar radical patterns, but more usually with biconsonantal roots; e.g.
Kabyle language Kabyle ''afeg'' means "fly!", while ''affug'' means "flight", and ''yufeg'' means "he flew".
Common vocabulary
: ''Main article:
List of Proto-Semitic stems.''
Due to the Semitic languages' common origin, they share many words and roots in common. For example:
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2"
!
Akkadian language Akkadian||
Aramaic language Aramaic||
Arabic language Arabic||
Hebrew language Hebrew||English translation
|-
|''{{IPA|zikaru}}''||''{{IPA|dikrÄ?}}''||''{{IPA|á¸?akar}}''||''{{IPA|zåḵår}}''||Male
|-
|''{{IPA|maliku}}''||''{{IPA|malkÄ?}}''||''{{IPA|malik}}''||''{{IPA|mÄ•lĕḵ}}''||King
|-
|''{{IPA|imêru}}''||''{{IPA|ḥamarÄ?}}''||''{{IPA|ḥimÄ?r}}''||''{{IPA|ḥămÅ?r}}''||Donkey
|-
|''{{IPA|erá¹£etu}}''||''{{IPA|Ê”arÊ¿Ä?}}''||''{{IPA|Ê”ará¸?}}''||''{{IPA|ʔĕrÄ•á¹£}}''||Land
|}
Sometimes certain roots differ in meaning from one Semitic language to another. For example, the root ''{{IPA|b-y-�}}'' in Arabic has the meaning of "white" as well as "egg", whereas in Hebrew it only means "egg". The root ''{{IPA|l-b-n}}'' means "milk" in Arabic, but the color "white" in Hebrew. The root ''{{IPA|l-ḥ-m}}'' means "meat" in Arabic, but "bread" in Hebrew; the original meaning in both languages was most probably "food". The word ''medina'' has the meaning of "city" in Arabic, and "metropolis" in Amharic, but in Hebrew it means "state".
Of course, there is sometimes no relation between the roots. For example, "knowledge" is represented in Hebrew by the root ''{{IPA|y-d-Ê¿}}'' but in Arabic by the roots ''{{IPA|Ê¿-r-f}}'' and ''{{IPA|Ê¿-l-m}}'' and in Amharic by the root ''{{IPA|`-w-q}}''.
Classification
The classification given below, based on shared innovations - established by
Robert Hetzron in 1976 with later emendations by John Huehnergard and Rodgers as summarized in Hetzron 1997 - is the most widely accepted today, but is still disputed. In particular, several Semitists still argue for the traditional view of Arabic as part of South Semitic, and a few (e.g.
Alexander Militarev) see the South Arabian languages as a third branch of Semitic alongside East and West Semitic, rather than as a subgroup of South Semitic. At a lower level, there is still no general agreement on where to draw the line between "languages" and "dialects" - an issue particularly relevant in Arabic, Aramaic, and Gurage below - and the strong mutual influences between Arabic dialects render a genetic subclassification of them particularly difficult. It is widely recognised in Ethiopia that Amharic inherited its basic vocabulary directly from Giiz, in which case it belongs in Ethiopic rather than North Ethiopic.
The traditional grouping of the Semitic languages (prior to the 1970s), based partly on non-linguistic data, differs in several respects; in particular, Arabic was put in South Semitic, and Eblaite had not been discovered yet.
East Semitic languages
*
Akkadian language — extinct
*
Eblaite language — extinct
West Semitic Languages
=Central Semitic languages
=
== Northwest Semitic languages
==
*
Amorite language — extinct
*
Ugaritic language — extinct
*
Canaanite languages
**
Ammonite language — extinct
**
Moabite language — extinct
**
Edomite language — extinct
**
Hebrew languages
***
Biblical Hebrew language — extinct
***
Mishnaic Hebrew language — extinct
***
Medieval Hebrew language — extinct
***
Mizrahi Hebrew language — live descendants
***
Sephardi Hebrew language — live descendants
***
Ashkenazi Hebrew Ashkenazi Hebrew language — live descendants
***
Samaritan Hebrew language — extinct
***
Modern Hebrew — live descendants
**
Phoenician language — extinct
***
Punic — extinct
*
Aramaic languages
**
Western Aramaic languages
***
Nabataean Aramaic language — extinct
***
Western Middle Aramaic languages
****
Jewish Middle Palestinian Aramaic language — extinct
****
Samaritan Aramaic language — extinct
****
Christian Palestinian Aramaic language — extinct
***
Western Neo-Aramaic language — live descendants
**
Eastern Aramaic languages
***
Biblical Aramaic language — extinct
***
Hatran Aramaic language — extinct
***
Syriac language — live descendants
***
Jewish Middle Babylonian Aramaic language — extinct
***
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic language — live descendants
***
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic language — live descendants
***
Senaya language — live descendants
***
Koy Sanjaq Surat — live descendants
***
Hertevin language — live descendants
***
Turoyo language — live descendants
***
Mlahso language — extinct
***
Mandaic language — live descendants
***
Judæo-Aramaic language — extinct
== Arabic languages
==
*
Arabic language
** ''
Fusha'' (literally "eloquent"), the written language, divided by specialists into:
***
Classical Arabic — the language of the Qur'an and early Islamic Arabic literature,
extinct language extinct
***
Middle Arabic, a generic term for premodern post-classical efforts to write Classical Arabic, characterized by frequent
hypercorrections and occasional lapses into more colloquial usage. Not a spoken language.
***
Modern Standard Arabic — modern literary (non-native) language used in formal media and written communication throughout the Arab World, differing from Classical Arabic mainly in numerous neologisms for concepts not found in medieval times, as well as in occasional
calques on idioms from Western languages.{{fact}}
**Numerous
Varieties of Arabic Modern Arabic spoken dialects, roughly divided by the
Ethnologue into:
***Eastern Arabic dialects
****Arabian Peninsular dialects
*****
Dhofari Arabic — Oman/Yemen
*****
Hadrami Arabic — Yemen
*****
Hijazi Arabic — Saudi Arabia
*****
Najdi Arabic — Saudi Arabia
*****
Omani Arabic
*****
Sanaani Arabic — Yemen
*****
Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic — Yemen
*****
Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
****Bedouin/Bedawi Arabic dialects
*****
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
*****
Peninsular Bedawi Arabic — Arabian Peninsula
****Central Asian dialects
*****
Tajiki Arabic
*****
Uzbeki Arabic
****
Egyptian Arabic — Cairo and Delta region
*****
Saidi Arabic — Upper Egypt
****Gulf dialects — includes speakers in Iran
*****
Baharna Arabic — Bahrain
*****
Gulf Arabic — Persian Gulf (all bordering countries)
*****
Shihhi Arabic — UAE
****
Levantine Arabic dialects
*****
Cypriot Maronite Arabic
*****
North Levantine Spoken — Lebanon, Syria
******
Lebanese Arabic
*****
South Levantine Spoken — Jordan, Palestinian Authority, West Bank, Israel
******
Palestinian Arabic
****
Iraqi Arabic — includes speakers in Iran
****
North Mesopotamian Arabic — Northern Iraq, Syria
****
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
****
Sudanese Arabic
***
Maghreb Arabic dialects
****
Algerian Arabic
****
Saharan Arabic
****
Shuwa Arabic — Chad
****
Hassaniya Arabic — Mauritania and Saharan area
****
Libyan Arabic
****
Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic — Libyan dialect
****
Maltese language — North African dialect of Arabic spoken on Malta with Italian influences, written in Latin Alphabet
****
Moroccan Arabic
****
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
****
Tunisian Arabic
****
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Several Jewish dialects, typically with a number of Hebrew loanwords, are grouped together with classical Arabic written in Hebrew script under the imprecise term
Judeo-Arabic.
South Semitic languages
= Western South Semitic
=
{{TotallyDisputed-section}}
*
Old South Arabian languages — extinct, formerly believed to be the linguistic ancestors of modern South Arabian Semitic languages (for which see below)
**
Sabaean language — extinct
**
Minaean language — extinct
**
Qatabanian language — extinct
**
Hadhramautic language — extinct
*
Ethiopic languages (Ethio-Semitic, Ethiopian Semitic):
** North
***
Ge'ez language (Ethiopic) — extinct, liturgical use in
Ethiopian Orthodox and
Eritrean Orthodox Churches
***
Tigrigna Tigrinya language
***
Tigre language Tigré language
***
Dahlik language — "newly discovered"
** South
*** Transversal
****Amharic-Argobba
*****
Amharic language — national language of Ethiopia
*****
Argobba language
**** Harari-East Gurage
*****
Harari language
***** East Gurage
******
Silt'e language Selti language (also spelled Silt'e)
******
Zway language (also called Zay)
******
Ulbare language
******
Wolane language
******
Inneqor language
**** Outer
***** n-group:
******
Gafat language — extinct
******
Soddo language (also called Kistane)
******
Goggot language
***** tt-group:
******
Mesmes language — extinct
******
Muher language
******
West Gurage language West Gurage
*******
Masqan language (also spelled Mesqan)
******** CPWG
********* Central Western Gurage:
**********
Ezha language
**********
Chaha language
**********
Gura language
**********
Gumer language
********* Peripheral Western Gurage:
**********
Gyeto language
**********
Ennemor language (also called Inor)
**********
Endegen language
= Eastern South Semitic
=
These languages are spoken mainly by tiny minority populations on the Arabian peninsula in
Yemen and
Oman.
*
Bathari language
*
Harsusi language
*
Hobyot language
*
Jibbali language (also called Shehri)
*
Mehri language
*
Soqotri language — on the island of Soqotra (Yemen)
Living Semitic languages by number of speakers
#
Arabic language Arabic — 206,000,000
#
Amharic — 27,000,000
#
Hebrew language Hebrew — 7,500,000
#
Tigrinya language Tigrinya — 6,750,000
#
Tigré language Tigre — 800,000
#
Neo-Aramaic — 605,000
#
Maltese language Maltese — 410,000
#
Syriac language Syriac — 400,000
# South Arabian languages — 360,000
#
Soddo — 250,000
See also
*
List of Proto-Semitic stems
*
Proto-Semitic
*
Proto-Canaanite alphabet
*
Middle Bronze Age alphabets
Bibliography
*
Robert Hetzron (ed.) ''The Semitic Languages''. Routledge: London 1997. ISBN 0-415-05767-1. (For family tree, see p. 7).
* Patrick R. Bennett. ''Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual''. Eisenbrauns 1998. ISBN 1575060213.
External links
-
Chart of the Semitic Family Tree American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.)
-
"Semitic" in SIL's Ethnologue
Category:Semitic languages *
ar:سامية
br:Yezhoù semitek
bs:Semitski jezici
ca:Llengua semÃtica
da:Semitiske sprog
de:Semitische Sprachen
eo:Semida lingvaro
es:Lenguas semÃticas
fi:Seemiläiset kielet
fr:Langue sémitique
he:שפות שמיות
hu:Afroázsiai nyelvcsalád
it:Lingue semitiche
ja:セム語派
ku:Şemî
nds:Semitsche Spraken
nl:Semitische talen
pl:Języki semickie
pt:LÃnguas semÃticas
ru:СемитÑ?кие Ñ?зыки
sk:Semitské jazyky
sl:Semitski jeziki
sv:Semitiska språk
uk:СемітÑ?ькі мови
zh:é—ªè¯æ—?
Category:Afro-Asiatic languages
{{catmore}}
bg:КатегориÑ?:СемитÑ?ки езици
ca:Categoria:Llengües semÃtiques
cs:Kategorie:Semitské jazyky
da:Kategori:Semitiske sprog
el:ΚατηγοÏ?ία:ΣημιτικÎÏ‚ γλώσσες
es:CategorÃa:Lenguas semÃticas
eu:Kategoria:Hizkuntza Semitikoak
fr:Catégorie:Langue sémitique
ko:분류:셈어파
id:Kategori:Bahasa Semitik
he:קטגוריה:שפות שמיות
ka:კ�ტეგ�რი�:სემიტური ენები
mt:Category:Lingwi Semitiċi
nl:Categorie:Semitische taal
ja:Category:セム語派
no:Kategori:Semittiske språk
nn:Kategori:Semittiske språk
pl:Kategoria:Języki semickie
pt:Categoria:LÃnguas semÃticas
ru:КатегориÑ?:СемитÑ?кие Ñ?зыки
sk:Kategória:Semitské jazyky
sv:Kategori:Semitiska språk
see
Semitic languages
*** Shopping-Tip: Semitic Languages
