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Shiva Sutra
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The '''''Shiva Sutras''''' describe a phonemic notational system
in the fourteen
initial lines of the {{IAST|
Aá¹£á¹Ä?dhyÄ?yÄ«}}, the
Sanskrit grammar by {{IAST|
PÄ?ṇini}}. The notational system introduces
different clusters of phonemes
that serve special roles in the
morphology of Sanskrit, and are
referred to throughout the text. Each
cluster, called a ''pratyÄ?hara'' ends with a dummy sound called an ''anubandha'' (the so called''IT'' index), which acts as
a symbolic referent for the list. Within the main text, these clusters,
referred through the anubandha's,
are related to various grammatical functions.
This type of initial notational verse is a standard structure in the
sutra style, which focuses on creating short, mnemonic verses
that encode complex rules. Often additional sounds may be added to the
indices to make the overall string pronunciable.
For example, list 13, symbolized by ''r'', refers to the three
sibilants. List 3, marked by ''ch'', refer to the
diphthong vowels ai and au.
To keep the list compact, naming one phoneme and one marker, indicates the list of all intervening phonemes, allowing the grammar to refer to classes of sounds by just one syllable. These syllables referring to lists of phonemes are called ''pratyÄ?haras'', and the sutras themselves are also known as '''pratyÄ?hara-vidhÄ?yaka-{{Unicode|sutrÄ?ṇi}}''' (Sutras forming Pratyaharas).
For example, ''a'''l''''' refers to the list of all phonemes (since ''a'' is the first alphabet and ''l'' is the maker for the last. ''a'''c''''' refers to all vowels, ''ha'''l''''' to all consonants and ''ña'''m''''' to all nasals - the purpose of the ''a'' in ''ha'''l''''' etc. is to ease pronunciation.
In the main text, a rule reads: ''iko yNa achi'' (verse 6.1.77). The symbol ''ach'' here (as in the rest of the Aá¹£á¹Ä?dhyÄ?yÄ«) refers to all the vowels, and the ending vowel ''i'' makes it pronunciable. This
rule deals with the sixth and
seventh
vibhaktis (
karaka case markers), and specifies how
the vowels, in these
situations, are are to be replaced by the suitable sounds like ''y''.
According to
legend, these fourteen sutras were revealed to {{IAST|PÄ?ṇini}} by
Shiva, who then composed his grammar to be dependent on them. They
are also called the '''Maheshvara Sutras''', using an alternate name
for Shiva.
Shiva Sutras Text
The 14 sutras are (the ''IT'' sounds are at the end of each sutra, transcribed in boldface):
{|border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 align="center"
|+Text of the Sutras
! style="background:#efefef;" |In
IAST
! style="background:#efefef;" |In the
Devanagari script
|- valign=top
|
1. a i u '''{{IAST|ṇ}}''' (simple vowels)
2. {{IAST|ṛ ḷ}} '''k''' (sonorant vowels)
3. e o '''{{IAST|á¹…}}'''
4. ai au '''c''' (
diphthongs)
5. h y v r '''{{IAST|á¹}}'''
6. l '''{{IAST|ṇ}}''' (voiced
fricative + semi-vowels)
7. {{IAST|ñ m ṅ ṇ n}} '''m''' (
nasal consonant nasals)
8. jh bh '''ñ'''
9. {{IAST|gh �h dh}} '''{{IAST|ṣ}}''' (voiced
aspirate stop consonant stops)
10. {{IAST|j b g � d}} '''ś''' (voiced
unaspirated stops)
11. {{IAST|kh ph ch á¹h th ca á¹ t}} '''v'''
12. k p '''y''' (
unvoiced stops)
13. {{IAST|Å› á¹£ s}} '''r''' (
sibilants)
14. h '''l''' (voiced fricative, the only phoneme listed twice)
|
१. अ इ उ ण� |
२. ऋ ऌ क� |
३. � ओ ङ� |
४. � औ च� |
५. ह य व र ट� |
६. ल ण� |
à¥. ञ म ङ ण न मà¥? |
८. � ठञ� |
९. घ ढ ध ष� |
१०. ज ब ग ड द श� |
११. ख फ छ ठथ च ट त व� |
१२. क प य� |
१३. श ष स र� |
१४. ह ल� |
|}
These 14 sutras encompass the
phones of the Sanskrit language. The first 4 sutras cover all the vowels and the last 10 sutras include all the consonants. Again, all vowels and consonants of Sanskrit have been arranged in such a way in these sutras that they can be referred to without mentioning them separately.
Of the hundreds pratyaharas that could in principle be formed from these sutras, Panini has used 41 (with a 42nd introduced by later grammarians, ''ra'''{{IAST|ṇ}}'''''={''r'',''l''}).
Note that some pratyaharas are ambiguous. For example, ''IT'' '''{{IAST|ṇ}}''' occurs twice in the list, which means that you can assign two different meanings to pratyahara ''a'''{{IAST|ṇ}}''''' (including or excluding ''{{IAST|ṛ}}'' etc.); in fact, both of these meanings are being used in the grammar. On the other hand, pratyahara ''ha'''l''''' is always used in the meaning "all consonants" - Panini never uses pratyaharas to refer to sets consisting of a single phoneme.
External link
[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0411080 Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements]
Category:Sanskrit
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