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Sicily

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{{Infobox_RegionIT | name = Sicily | fullname = Regione Sicilia | isocode = | capital = Palermo | governor = Salvatore Cuffaro
(''House of Freedoms'') | zone = South Italy | province = Province of Agrigento Agrigento
Province of Caltanissetta Caltanissetta
Province of Catania Catania
Province of Enna Enna
Province of Messina Messina
Province of Palermo Palermo
Province of Ragusa Ragusa
Province of Syracuse Syracuse
Province of Trapani Trapani | municipality = 390 | arearank = 1st | area = 25,708 | areapercent = 8.5 | population_as_of = 2005 est. | populationrank = 4th | population = 5,015,591 | populationpercent = 8.7 | populationdensity = 195 | coatofarms = Image:Flag of Sicily.svg 220px|Flag of Sicily | map = Image:Italy Regions Sicily Map.png | }} {{redirect|Sicilian}} '''Sicily''' (''Sicilia'' in Italian language Italian and Sicilian language Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq. km and 5 million inhabitants.

Geography
Image:Sicily-EO.JPG thumb|left|250px|NASA orbital photograph of Sicily. This region faces Calabria over the Strait of Messina, which is the only conterminous region. The volcano Mount_Etna Etna, is situated close to Catania. Etna is 3,320 m (10,900 ft) high, making it the tallest volcano in Europe. It is also one of the world's most active volcanos. The Aeolian Islands Aeolian islands to the north are administratively a part of Sicily, as are the Aegadian Islands and Pantelleria Island to the west, Ustica Island to the north-west, and the Pelagian Islands to the south-west. Sicily has been noted for two millennia as a grain-producing territory: Olive olives and wine are among its other agricultural products. The mines of the Caltanissetta district became a leading sulphur-producing area in the 19th century, but have declined since the 1950s.

Transport
'''Vehicles''' Most of Sicily's motorway motorways (''autostrade'') run through the north of the region - the most important ones being '''A19''' Palermo - Catania, '''A20''' Palermo - Messina, '''A29''' Palermo - Mazara del Vallo and the toll road '''A18''' Messina - Catania. Much of the motorway network is raised on columns due to the mountainous terrain. The road network in the south of the country consists largely of well maintained, yet not motorway-class roads. '''Train''' Sicily is connected to the Italian peninsula by the national railway company, Trenitalia, though trains are loaded onto ferries for the crossing from the mainland. Officially, the Stretto di Messina, S.p.A. schedules to the second half of 2006 the beginning of construction on the world's longest suspension bridge, The Strait of Messina Bridge Project. If and when completed, it will mark the first time in history that Sicily has been connected by a land link to Italy. '''Air''' Sicily is served by national and international flights (mainly European) from to Palermo International Airport in the region's capital, and the substantially busier Catania-Fontanarossa Airport. There are also minor national airports in Trapani and small islands of Pantelleria and Lampedusa.

Towns and Cities
Image:Palermo panorama.JPG thumb|Palermo is the regional capital of Sicily Sicily's principal cities include the regional capital Palermo, together with the other provincial capitals Catania, Messina, Italy Messina, Syracuse, Italy Syracuse (''Siracusa'' in Italian), Trapani, Enna, Caltanissetta, Agrigento, Ragusa, Italy Ragusa. Other famous Sicilian towns include Acireale, Taormina, Giardini Naxos, Piazza Armerina, Caltagirone, CefalÃ¹, Bronte, Sicily Bronte, Marsala, Corleone, Castellammare del Golfo, Gela, Francavilla di Sicilia, and Abacaenum (now Tripi).

Flag
{{main|Flag of Sicily}} The regional flag of Sicily, recognized since January 2000, is also the historical one of the island, since 1282. It is divided diagonally yellow over red, with the ''trinacria'' symbol in the center. The ''trinacria'' symbol is used also by the Isle of Man.

Arts
Image:Jacob Philipp Hackert 006.jpg Jacob Philipp Hackert.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|Landscape with temple ruins on Sicily, [[Jacob Philipp Hackert, 1778..html" title="Meaning of Landscape with temple ruins on Sicily, [[Jacob Philipp Hackert">thumb|Landscape with temple ruins on Sicily, [[Jacob Philipp Hackert, 1778.">Landscape with temple ruins on Sicily, [[Jacob Philipp Hackert">thumb|Landscape with temple ruins on Sicily, [[Jacob Philipp Hackert, 1778. Sicily is well known as a country of art: many poets and writers were born on this region, starting from the Sicilian School in the early 13th century, which inspired much subsequent Italian poetry and created the first Italian standard. The most famous, however, are Luigi Pirandello, Giovanni Verga, Salvatore Quasimodo, Gesualdo Bufalino and the dialectal poet Ignazio Buttitta. Other Sicilian artists include the composers Sigismondo d'India (from Palermo), Vincenzo Bellini (from Catania), as well as the sculpture sculptor Tommaso Geraci. Noto and Ragusa contain some of Italy's best examples of Baroque architecture, carved in the local red sandstone. Caltagirone is renowned for its decorative ceramics. Palermo is also a major center of Italian opera. Its Teatro Massimo is the largest opera house in Italy and the third largest in the world, seating 1400. Sicily is also home to two prominent folk art traditions, both of which draw heavily on the island's norman people Norman influence. Donkey carts are painted with intricate decorations of scenes from the Norman romantic poems, such as The Song of Roland. The same tales are told in traditional puppet theatres which feature hand-made wooden marionettes. The 1988 movie ''Nuovo Cinema Paradiso'' was about life in a Sicilian town following the World War II Second World War.

History
The autochthonous peoples of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to Greek writers as the Elymians, the Sicani and the Siculi or Sicels. Of these, the last were clearly the latest to arrive on this land and were related to other Indo-European tribes of southern Italy, such as the ''Italoi'' of Calabria, the Oenotrians, Chones, and Leuterni (or Leutarni), the Osci Opicans, and the Aurunci Ausones. It's possible, however, that the Sicani were originally an Iberian Peninsula Iberian tribe. The Elymi, too, may have distant origins outside of Italy, in the Aegean Sea area. Image:Sicily Selinunte Temple E (Hera).JPG Selinunte.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|Greek temple at [[Selinunte (temple E, dedicated to Hera, built in the 5th century BC.).html" title="Meaning of right|Greek temple at [[Selinunte">thumb|right|Greek temple at [[Selinunte (temple E, dedicated to Hera, built in the 5th century BC.)">right|Greek temple at [[Selinunte">thumb|right|Greek temple at [[Selinunte (temple E, dedicated to Hera, built in the 5th century BC.) Sicily was colonized by Phoenicians and Punic settlers from Carthage and by Greece Greeks, starting in the 8th century BC. The most important colony was established at Syracuse, Italy Syracuse in 734 BC. Other important Greek colonies were Gela, Agrigentum Acragas, Selinunte, Himera, and Zancle or Messene (modern-day Messina, not to be confused with the ancient city of Messene in Messenia, Greece). These city states were an important part of classical Greek civilization, which included Sicily as part of Magna Graecia - both Empedocles and Archimedes were from Sicily. Sicilian politics was intertwined with politics in Greece itself, leading Athens, for example, to mount the disastrous Sicilian Expedition during the Peloponnesian War. The Greeks came into conflict with the Punic trading communities with ties to Carthage, which was on the African mainland not far from the southwest corner of the region, and had its own colonies on Sicily. Palermo was a Carthaginian city, founded in the 8th century BC, named Zis or Sis ("Panormos" to the Greeks). Hundreds of Phoenician and Carthaginian grave sites have been found in necropoli over a large area of Palermo, now built over, south of the Norman palace, where the Norman kings had a vast park. In the far west, Lilybaeum (now Marsala) never was thoroughly Hellenized. In the Carthage#First Sicilian War First and Carthage#Second Sicilian War Second Sicilian Wars, Carthage was in control of all but the eastern part of Sicily, which was dominated by Syracuse. In 415 BC, Syracuse became an object of Athenian imperialism as exemplified in the disastrous events of the Sicilian Expedition which reignited the cooling Peloponnesian War. In the 3rd century BC the Carthage#The Messanan Crisis Messanan Crisis motivated the intervention of the Roman Republic into Sicilian affairs, and led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage. By the end of war (242 BC) all Sicily was in Roman hands, becoming Rome's first province outside of the Italian peninsula. The initial success of the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War encouraged many of the Sicilian cities to revolt against Roman rule. Rome sent troops to put down the rebellions (it was during the siege of Syracuse that Archimedes was killed). Carthage briefly took control of parts of Sicily, but in the end was driven off. Many Carthaginian sympathizers were killed-- in 210 BC the Roman consul M. Valerian told the Roman Senate that "no Carthaginian remains in Sicily". For the next 6 centuries Sicily was a province of the Roman Empire. It was something of a rural backwater, important chiefly for its grainfields which were a mainstay of the food supply of the city of Rome. The empire did not make much effort to Romanize the region, which remained largely Greek. The most notable event of this period was the notorious misgovernment of Verres as recorded by Cicero in 70 BC in his oration, In Verrem. In AD 440 Sicily fell to the Vandal king Geiseric. A few decades later it came into Ostrogothic hands, where it remained until it was conquered by the Byzantine general Belisarius in 535. But a new Ostrogoth king, Totila, drove down the Italian peninsula and then plundered and conquered Sicily in 550. He in turn was defeated and killed by the Byzantine general Narses in 552. For a brief period (662 - 668) during Byzantine rule Syracuse was the imperial capital, until Constans II was assassinated. Sicily was then ruled by the Byzantine Empire until the Muslim Arab conquest of AD 827-902. Up until the 10th century, Sicialians primarily spoke Greek or Italo-Greek dialects. The cultural diversity and religious tolerance of the period of Muslim rule under the Kalbid dynasty, that made Palermo the capital city of the Emirate of Sicily, continued under the Normans who conquered Sicily in 1060-1090 (raising its status to that of a kingdom in 1130). During this period, Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe, and according to historian John Julius Norwich, Palermo under the Normans became wealthier than the England of its day. After only a century however, the Norman Hauteville dynasty died out and the south German (Swabia Swabian) Hohenstaufen dynasty ruled from 1194, adopting as well Palermo as its principal seat from 1220. But local Christian-Muslim conflicts fueled by the Crusades were escalating during this later period, and in 1224, Frederick II, grandson of Roger II, expelled the last remaining Arabs from Sicily. Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led in 1266 to Sicily's conquest by Charles I of Naples Charles I, duke of Anjou: opposition to French officialdom and taxation led in 1282 to insurrection (the Sicilian Vespers) and successful invasion by king Peter III of Aragon Peter III of Aragon AragÃ³n. Ruled from 1479 by the kings of Spain, Sicily suffered a ferocious outbreak of plague (1656), followed by a damaging earthquake in the east of the region (1693). Periods of rule by the crown of Savoy (1713-1720) and then the Austrian Habsburgs gave way to union (1734) with the Bourbon house Bourbon-ruled kingdom of Naples as the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Sicily was the scene of major revolutionary movements in 1820 and 1848 against Bourbons Bourbon denial of constitutional government. The Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 1848 revolution resulted in a sixteen month period of independence from the Bourbons before its armed forces took back control of the island on 15 May 1849. In late 1852, Prince Emanuele Realmuto had set up power in North Central Sicily. Highly educated, the prince established a political system set to bring Sicily's economy to the highest levels in all of Italy. The Prince's life however was shortened by an assassination in 1857. To this day some of his work is still present in the Italian parliament. Sicily was joined with the kingdom of Italy in 1860 following the expedition of Giuseppe Garibaldi and the resultant Italian unification ''Risorgimento''. In 1866, Palermo revolted against Italy. The city was soon bombed by the Italian navy, which disembarked on September 22 under the command of Raffaele Cadorna. Italian soldiers summarily executed the civilian insurgents, and took possession once again of the island. A long extensive guerrilla campaign against the unionists (1861-1871) took place throughout southern Italy, and in Sicily, inducing the Italian governments to a ferocious military repression. Ruled under martial law for many years Sicily (and southern Italy) was ravaged by the Italian army that summarily executed hundreds of thousands of people, made tens of thousands prisoners, destroyed villages, and deported people. The Sicilian economy collapsed, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration. In 1894 labour agitation through the radical ''Fasci dei lavoratori'' led once again to the imposition of martial law. Image:Map operation husky landing.jpg 10 July.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on [[10 July 1943.html" title="Meaning of right|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on [[10 July">thumb|right|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on [[10 July 1943">right|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on [[10 July">thumb|right|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on [[10 July 1943 The organised crime networks commonly known as the Mafia mafia extended their influence in the late 19th century (and many of its operatives also emigrated to other countries, particularly the United States); partly suppressed under the Fascism Fascist regime beginning in the 1920s, they recovered following the World War II Allies Allied Operation Husky invasion of Sicily. An autonomous region from 1946, Sicily benefited to some extent from the partial Italian land reform of 1950-1962 and special funding from the ''Cassa per il Mezzogiorno'', the Italian government's indemnification Fund for the South (1950-1984). Sicily returned to the headlines in 1992, however, when the assassination of two anti-mafia magistrates, Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino triggered a general upheaval in Italian political life.

People
The position of Sicily as a stepping stone of sorts in the center of the Mediterranean Basin has lent it strategic importance throughout history, resulting in an endless procession of settlers and conquerors. Modern methods of genetic testing enable us to see which have had the greatest demographic impact. Several studies show strong ties between Sicily, mainland southern Italy and Greece,{{ref|Cavalli-Sforza_1997}} {{ref|Vona_1998}} {{ref|Rickards_1998}} {{ref|Francalacci_2003}} {{ref|DiGiacomo_2004}} suggesting that the Siculi, Elymi and Greek colonizations were the most important. It has been proposed that a genetic boundary divides Sicily into two regions, reflecting the distribution of Siculi and Greek settlements in the east, and Sicani/Elymi, Phoenician/Arab and Norman settlements in the west.{{ref|Ghiani_2002}} {{ref|Romano_2003}} {{ref|Calo_2003}} However, other research has failed to detect any such division.{{ref|Walter_1997}} {{ref label|Rickards_1998|3|a}} No data exists on the contribution of Normans, but a number of studies hint that North African and Middle Eastern gene flow was limited by the physical barrier of the Mediterranean Sea and resulting cultural differentiation.{{ref label|Vona_1998|2|a}} {{ref|Simoni_1999}} {{ref|Kandil_1999}} {{ref|Scozzari_2001}} {{ref|Cruciani_2004}} {{ref|Capelli_2005}} Sicily today, like all of western Europe, is home to many communities of immigrants, including Tunisians, Moroccans, Nigerians, Indians, Romanians, Russians, Chinese and Gypsies from the Balkans. Sicily's population is approximately 5 million, and there are an additional 10 million people of Sicilian descent around the world, mostly in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia and fellow EU countries.

Language
{{Main|Sicilian language}} Many Sicilians are bilingual in both Italian language Italian and Sicilian language Sicilian, a separate Romance languages Romance language, descended from Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, with Greek language Greek, Arabic language Arabic, French language French, ProvenÃ§al, German language German, Catalan language Catalan and Spanish language Spanish influences. It is important to note that Sicilian is not a derivative of Italian. Although thought by some to be a dialect, ''Sicilianu'' is a distinct language, with a rich history and a sizeable vocabulary (at least 250,000 words), due to the influence of the different conquerors of, and settlers to, this land. Sicilian dialects are also spoken in the southern and central sections of the Italian regions Calabria (Calabrese) and Puglia (Salentino); and had a significant influence on the Maltese_language Maltese Language, which was a part of the Kingdom of Sicily (in its various forms) until the late 18th century. With the predominance of Italian language Italian in Italian schools, the media, etc., Sicilian is no longer the first language of many Sicilians. Indeed, in urban centers in particular, one is more likely to hear standard Italian spoken rather than Sicilian, especially among the young. Sicilian generally uses the word ending {{IPA|[u]}} for singular masculine nouns and adjectives, and {{IPA|[a]}} for feminine. The plural is usually {{IPA|[i]}} for both masculine and feminine. By contrast, in Italian masculine nouns and adjectives that end in {{IPA|[o]}} in the singular pass to {{IPA|[i]}} in the plural, while the feminine counterparts pass from {{IPA|[a]}} to {{IPA|[e]}}. The "-LL-" sound (in words of Latin origin, for example) manifests itself in Sicilian as a voiced retroflex plosive with the tip of the tongue curled up and back, a sound which is not part of Standard Italian. In Sicilian, this sound is written simply as "-dd-" although the sound itself is not {{IPA|[d]}} but rather {{IPA|[ɖ]}}. For example, the Italian word '''bello''' is '''beddu''' in Sicilian. In numerous villages, the ArbÃ«reshÃ« dialect of the Albanian language has been spoken since a wave of refugees settled there in the 15th century. While it is spoken within the household, Italian is the official language and modern Greek is chanted in the local Byzantine liturgy. There are also several areas where dialects of the Lombard language of the Gallo-Italic family are spoken. Much of this population is also tri-lingual, being able to also speak one of the Sicilian dialects as well.

List of Sicilians
*Empedocles (c. 490 BC – 430 BC), scientist and philosopher *Gorgias (c. 483 BC – 375 BC), philosopher *Timaeus (c. 345 BC – 250 BC), historian Image:Archimedes.jpg thumb|right|Archimedes of Syracuse. *Archimedes (c. 287 BC – 212 BC), scientist *Diodorus Siculus (c. 90 BC – 30 BC), historian *Pope Leo II, Pope from 682 to 683 *Jawhar as-Siqilli (911 - 922) Military leader, founder of Cairo *Cielo d'Alcamo (c. 1200 – 1250), poet *Giacomo da Lentini (1210 – 1260), poet *Guido Delle Colonne (1215 – 1290), poet *Antonello da Messina (1430 – 1479), painter *Antonello Gagini (1478 – 1536), sculptor *Francesco Maurolico (1494 – 1575), mathematician *Sigismondo d'India (1582 – 1629), composer *Pietro Novelli (1603 – 1647), painter *Giacomo Serpotta (1656 – 1732), sculptor *Alessandro Scarlatti (1660 – 1725), composer *Filippo Juvarra (1678 – 1736), architect *Giovanni Meli (1740 – 1815), poet image:Vincenzo bellini.jpg thumb|right|Vincenzo Bellini *Vincenzo Bellini (1801 – 1835), opera composer *Francesco Crispi (1819 – 1901), politician *Emanuele Realmuto (1830 – 1857), Prince *Giovanni Verga (1840 – 1922), novelist *Giuseppe Sergi (1841 – 1936), anthropologist *Vito Cascio Ferro (1862 – 1943), mafioso *Luigi Pirandello (1867 – 1936), dramatist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature *Nino Martoglio (1870 – 1921), poet *Luigi Sturzo (1871 – 1959), politician *Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896 – 1957), writer, poet *Julius Evola (1898 – 1974), political philosopher *Ignazio Buttitta (1899 – 1997), poet *Salvatore Quasimodo (1901 – 1968), poet, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature *Andrea Camilleri (born 1925), novelist *Bernardo Provenzano (born 1933), mafioso *Nino Vaccarella (born 1933), racecar driver *Giovanni Falcone (1939 – 1992), judge *Paolo Borsellino (1940 – 1992), judge *Franco Battiato (born 1945), musician, filmmaker. *Giuseppe Tornatore (born 1956), filmmaker *Dolce & Gabbana Domenico Dolce (born 1958), fashion designer *Angelo d'Arrigo (1961 – 2006), aviator *Anna Kanakis (born 1962), model, actress *Salvatore Schillaci (born 1964), football player *Maria Grazia Cucinotta (born 1969), actress

Historical Monarchy of Sicily
*Roger I of Sicily, Count of Sicily 1072 – 1101 *Simon, Count of Sicily 1101 – 1105 *Roger II of Sicily, Count of Sicily 1113 – 1130, King of Sicily 1130 – 1154 *William I of Sicily, King of Sicily 1154 – 1166 *William II of Sicily, King of Sicily 1166 – 1189 *Tancred of Sicily, King of Sicily 1189 – 1194 *William III of Sicily, King of Sicily 1194 *Constance of Sicily, Queen of Sicily 1194 – 1198 and mother of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II *Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194 – 1250), Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily (Frederick I of Sicily) *Manfred of Sicily, King of Sicily 1258 – 1266 *Frederick III of Sicily, King of Sicily 1296 – 1337 *Peter II of Sicily, King of Sicily 1337 – 1342 *Louis of Sicily, King of Sicily 1342 – 1355 *Frederick III the Simple, King of Sicily 1355 – 1377 *Mary of Sicily, Queen of Sicily 1377 – 1402

See also
{{commons|Category:Sicilia}} * Sicilian language * Sicilian School * Cuisine of Sicily * :Category:People of Sicilian heritage * Monarchs of Naples and Sicily * Two Sicilies * Normans * Triskelion * Sicilian music * List_of_Sicilian-Americans

Footnotes
#{{Note|Cavalli-Sforza_1997}}L.L. Cavalli-Sforza (1997) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9223254&dopt=Citation Genes, peoples, and languages] #{{Note|Vona_1998}}{{note_label|Vona_1998|2|a}}Vona et al. (1998) [http://dbs.unica.it/antropologia/collaborazioni.htm Genetic structure of western Sicily] #{{Note|Rickards_1998}}{{note_label|Rickards_1998|3|a}}Rickards et al. (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9686481&dopt=Abstract Genetic history of the population of Sicily] #{{Note|Francalacci_2003}}Francalacci et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12772214&dopt=Abstract Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability] #{{Note|DiGiacomo_2004}}DiGiacomo et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15322918&dopt=Citation Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe] #{{Note|Ghiani_2002}}Ghiani et al. (2002) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12001085&query_hl=26&itool=pubmed_docsum New data on the genetic structure of the population of Sicily: analysis of the Alia population (Palermo, Italy)] #{{Note|Romano_2003}}{{note_label|Romano_2003|7|a}}Romano et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12556234&dopt=Abstract Autosomal microsatellite and mtDNA genetic analysis in Sicily (Italy)] #{{Note|Calo_2003}}Calo et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12943156&dopt=Abstract Genetic analysis of a Sicilian population using 15 short tandem repeats] #{{Note|Walter_1997}}Walter et al. (1997) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9300119&dopt=Abstract GM and KM allotypes in nine population samples of Sicily] #{{Note|Simoni_1999}}Simoni et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10380375&dopt=Abstract Patterns of gene flow inferred from genetic distances in the Mediterranean region] #{{Note|Kandil_1999}}Kandil et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10510571&dopt=Abstract Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Moroccans and Southern Spaniards: New data for the genetic history of the Western Mediterranean] #{{Note|Scozzari_2001}}Scozzari et al. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11543889 Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: Implications for the peopling of the region] #{{Note|Cruciani_2004}}Cruciani et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15042509&dopt=Abstract Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa] #{{Note|Capelli_2005}}{{note_label|Capelli_2005|14|a}}Capelli et al. (2005) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective]

External links
*{{it icon}} [http://www.grifasi-sicilia.com/index.html Almanacco Siciliano (Sicilian Almanac)] Piccola Enciclopedia popolare di storia Siciliana di tutti i tempi (A small popular Encyclopedia of Sicilian history)
- Best of Sicily Travel Guide General site dedicated to Sicily. Dozens of topics. Updated often. *{{it icon}} [http://www.carnevaleacireale.com Carnevale di Acireale] il piu bel carnevale di Sicilia (the most beautiful carnival in Sicily) *Images *
- Images of Sicily travel photos from destinations all around the island *
- More Images of Sicily *
- Artistic Photos of Sicily *Location, maps and aerial imagery: {{coor dms|37|36|0|N|14|10|0|E|type:isle_region:IT_scale:5000000}}
- Map of Sicily
- Sicilian Culture The Food, People, History, Culture, Wine, Language, Traditions, News & Views!
- Sicilian Origins in Europe arguing that Sicilians are descended from Ancient Greek and Italic settlers, with minimal foreign admixture {{Italy}} Category:Former countries in Europe Category:Islands of Italy Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe Category:Regions of Italy Category:Sicily * ang:SÃcilia ast:Sicilia bg:Ð¡Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ? zh-min-nan:Sicilia be:Ð¡Ñ‹Ñ†Ñ‹Ð»Ñ–Ñ? bs:Sicilija ca:SicÃlia cs:SicÃlie da:Sicilien de:Sizilien et:Sitsiilia el:Î£Î¹ÎºÎµÎ»Î¯Î± es:Sicilia eo:Sicilio eu:Sizilia fr:Sicile ga:An tSicil gl:Sicilia ko:ì‹œì¹ ë¦¬ì•„ hr:Sicilija id:Sisilia is:Sikiley it:Sicilia he:×¡×™×¦×™×œ×™×” la:Sicilia lt:Sicilija lb:Sizilien hu:SzicÃlia nl:SiciliÃ« ja:ã‚·ãƒ?ãƒªã‚¢å³¶ no:Sicilia pl:Sycylia pt:SicÃlia ro:Sicilia ru:Ð¡Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ? scn:Sicilia simple:Sicily sk:SicÃlia sl:Sicilija sr:Ð¡Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° fi:Sisilia sv:Sicilien tr:Sicilya uk:Ð¡Ñ–Ñ†Ñ–Ð»Ñ–Ñ? vec:SiciÅ‚ia zh:è¥¿è¥¿é‡Œå²› {{catmore}} Category:Regions of Italy Sicily ca:Categoria:SicÃlia cs:Kategorie:SicÃlie de:Kategorie:Sizilien es:CategorÃa:Sicilia eo:Kategorio:Sicilio fr:CatÃ©gorie:Sicile ko:ë¶„ë¥˜:ì‹œì¹ ë¦¬ì•„ id:Kategori:Sisilia it:Categoria:Regione Sicilia nl:Categorie:SiciliÃ« ja:Category:ã‚·ãƒ?ãƒªã‚¢å·ž pt:Categoria:SicÃlia ru:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ?:Ð¡Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ? scn:Category:Sicilia sl:Kategorija:Sicilija sv:Kategori:Sicilien
{| width="100%"; style="margin:0 auto; background: #EFEFEF" align=center id=toc |align=center style="background: #CCCCFF"| Europe .html">Italy _'''Sicily''' (''Sicilia'') |- |align="center" style="font-size: 100%; " | Province of Agrigento Agrigento | Province of Caltanissetta Caltanissetta | Province of Catania Catania | Province of Enna Enna | Province of Messina Messina | Province of Palermo Palermo | Province of Ragusa Ragusa | Province of Syracuse Syracuse (''Siracusa'') | Province of Trapani Trapani |}

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