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Swimming
*** Shopping-Tip: Swimming
image:swimming.breaststroke.arp.750pix.jpg thumb|right|250px| A breaststroke swimmer
Image:Swimming dog bgiu.jpg thumb|right|250px|A dog swimming
'''Swimming''' is a technique to move unaided through
water. This article concentrates on human swimming, a popular recreational activity and a competitive sport. There are many health benefits of swimming, but it also entails risks.
History
{{main|History of swimming}}
Swimming has been known since prehistoric times. Drawings from the
Stone Age stone age were found in "the
Cave cave of swimmers" near Wadi Sora (or Sura) in the southwestern part of
Egypt. Written references date back up to 2000 B.C., including
Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh, the
Iliad, the
Odyssey, the
Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts 27:42, Isaiah 25:11),
Beowulf, and other sagas. In 1538 Nicolas Wynman,
German language German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming
book "Colymbetes". Competitive swimming in
Europe started around 1800, mostly using
breaststroke. The
front crawl, then called the ''trudgen'' was introduced in 1873 by John Arthur Trudgen, copying it from
Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans.
Swimming was part of the first modern
1896 Summer Olympics Olympic games in 1896 in
Athens. In 1902 the ''trudgen'' was improved by Richard Cavill, using the flutter kick. In 1908, the world swimming association
FINA Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) was formed.
Butterfly_stroke Butterfly was first a variant of
Breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952.
Technique
The
human body is composed primarily of water, and thus has a very similar density. But since only roughly 70% of the body is water, it is slightly less dense than the surrounding water, which exerts a buoyant force on it. Thus, staying afloat requires only a slight propelling of water downward relative to the body, and transverse motion only a slight propelling of water in a direction opposite to the direction of intended motion, due to generally low hydrodynamic
form drag drag. This propelling is typically accomplished by cupping the hands and using them as
paddles, and by kicking the legs to push water away from the body.
With practice, technique can convert a slow or average swimmer to at least a moderately fast swimmer. Since speed converts directly into distance, the same techniques that improve speed also aid one to move farther with the same
effort. The torso and the legs should be kept as much as possible parallel to the surface of the water. Dropped legs or a slanted torso dramatically increase drag. The hand should be extended forward of the head as much as possible. This increases the average length at the water-line, substantially increasing speed. This is an effect long used by boat designers, and unconsciously used by "naturally good swimmers."
The time spent on the side should be maximized because the torso is narrower front-to-back than side-to-side on most swimmers. This reduces the frontal cross-section, reducing drag further, and also increasing the ratio between the body's water-line-length and width. Similar improvements are possible by orienting the narrowest direction of head, hands, legs and arms into the water. The torso is by far the most critical. The motion of the
hand, arm, and leg from the back to the front should be in the air for as much as possible, and in the water, oriented as perfectly as possible, because the returning appendage has to move at least twice as fast as the swimmer, and in the water generates eight times the drag (which increases with the cube of the speed) of an equal amount of torso frontal area.
The basic "catch" of the water is not nearly as critical as the above items. Most swimmers simply grab water with their hand flat, or the fingers slightly spread, and then draw it smoothly down their body. None of the above techniques require improved strength. With strength training, the hands and feet can be extended further into the water, gaining more propulsion. For beginners, increased strength brings only small improvements if the above strategies (minimising drag and lengthening water-line) are not optimal. A number of
List of swimming styles swimming styles have been developed based on the implementation of some or all of these principles.14
Competitive swimming
image:Michael.Phelps.Start.01.jpg thumb|Michael Phelps startingCompetitive swimming is swimming with the goal to maximize performance, usually the speed of swimming. Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century, and currently comprises 32 events at the
Summer Olympic Games. Competitive swimming's international governing body is
FINA, which includes local sub groups such as
USA Swimming (USAS) and
United States Masters Swimming (USMS) in the United States, Amateur Swimming Association (ASA) and Swimming Teachers Association (STA) in the United Kingdom.
Styles
FINA regulates four swimming disciplines, swum over different distances.
*
Freestyle swimming Freestyle- refers to "any style", and in competitive swimming it places no restrictions on what action the competitors use, except during the freestyle portion of medley swimming. In practice, almost all freestyle events are swum using
front crawl. Events are held at distances of 25 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m. Events are held in yards at distances of 50 y, 100 y, 200 y, 500 y, 1000 y, and 1650 y.
*
Butterfly stroke Butterfly- events require that the swimmer's actions retain bilateral symmetry (the left side of the body has to do the same as the right). It is commonly considered the most physically challenging of the strokes. Events are held at distances of 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m. Events are also held in yards.
*
Breaststroke- from which the butterfly stroke evolved, places the additional restrictions that the swimmer's hands must be pushed forward together from the breast and that the elbows must remain under the water. It is usually the slowest stroke in competitive swimming. This stroke, as well as butterfly, requires great shoulder strength. In competetive swimming, Breaststroke is actually the stroke that consumes the largest amount of energy for its forward movement, not butterfly, as many people mistakenly believe. Events are held at distances of 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m. Events are also held in yards.
*
Backstroke- places no symmetry restrictions, but swimmers must lie on their back at all times except during turns to perform the stroke. Backstroke is performed, in essence, as an inversion of the crawl — competitors swing their arms back over their shoulder, alternately, and pull through under the water to provide motive power, with a flutter kick. Events are held at distances of 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m. Events are also held in yards.
Most competitions worldwide are swum over a distance measured in meters, however, in the US all distances are swum in short course yards for NCAA and high school competition, except during Olympic years in which the NCAA championships are held in the short course metres format. Short course means that each length is 25 yards or metres. This is due to the fact that the available pools are frequently 25 or 50 yard in length. There are also world championships held in the short course metres format, however, it is not as publicised as the traditional long course (50 metres per length) world championships. The Olympic Games are competed exclusively in the long course metres format. World Championships are held each year, including both the traditional long course metres format and the less popular short course metres format. World records are tabulated separately for each event in both formats; world records are not recognized for the short course yards format.
Backstroke and Freestyle are referred to as "long-axis" strokes because the body is in a much longer position than when performing breaststroke or butterfly, which are known as "short-axis" strokes.
In addition to that there are a number of combination events in competitive swimming.
*Relay, where a number of swimmers swim sequentially. Events are held at distances of 4×50 m freestyle, 4×100 m freestyle and 4×200 m freestyle.
*
Medley swimming Individual Medley, where one swimmer swims Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Freestyle in this order. Events are held at distances of 100 m (short course 25 m pools only), 200 m, and 400 m.
*
Medley swimming Medley Relay, where four swimmers swim Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly, and Freestyle in this order. Events are held at distances of 4×50 m medley and 4×100 m medley.
Full rules are on the [http://www.fina.org/swimrules.html rules web page] of
FINA.
Competitors
{{mainarticle|List of swimmers}}
Competitive swimming has traditionally been dominated by the
United States, but recently that dominance has been challenged by
Australia, where swimming is a hugely popular recreational activity, and participant and spectator sport. The success of Australian swimmers such as
Ian Thorpe,
Michael Klim,
Grant Hackett, and
Kieren Perkins is reminiscent of Australia's previous golden age of swimming in the 1950s and 1960s, which saw the emergence of swimmers such as
Shane Gould and
Dawn Fraser. However, American swimmers, led by
Michael Phelps,
Ian Crocker,
Natalie Coughlin,
Kaitlin Sandeno, and
Brendan Hansen have been holding off the Australians just like they did in the 2004 Olympics. Other countries with a great tradition in swimming are
Russia (former
Soviet Union: as to recent times,
Alexander Popov (swimmer) Alexander Popov was prominent in the fast races in the 1990s),
Hungary,
Poland,
Germany,
China (which has had a history of controversy due to probable steriod use), and
Sweden. Newbies which recently had scored relevant success include
Italy and
Japan.
Other competetive swims
There are also a number of other competitive swimming performances, for example a
Long distance swimming long distance 5 kilometer open-water event, which became part of the Olympic program in 2000, long distance swims across the
English Channel, or circumnavigating
Manhattan Island. The world record for the longest non-stop swim is held by
Martin Strel for swimming 504km nonstop in 2001 in the
Danube River. He also swam the Mississippi River in 2002 in 66+2days, a total of 3885 km by only sleeping 5 hours a day. The current holder of the most world records for long distance swimming is
Vicki Keith. British swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh, is the first person to complete long-distance swims in all five oceans of the world. These oceans include the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Artic and Southern Oceans. This amazing feat was completed January 27, 2006.
Swimming is also a crucial part of other sports, such as
water polo,
synchronized swimming,
modern pentathlon and
triathlon. (''See
List of water sports'')
Timing
Today swimming uses an electric touch pad to register touching the end of the lane and finishing. This was invented by Bill Parkinson of the University of Michigan, and entered use in 1957. They took a while to take over from the previous human judging, but a scandal at the 1960 Rome Olympics, when an American swimmer (Lance Larson) clearly won, but had been judged not to, resulted in an uproar and the uptake of touch pads.
Competitive swimwear
{{mainarticle|Competitive swimwear}}
Competetive swimming is usually done in swimwear,
goggles, and a
Swim cap. The aim of the equipment is to reduce
Drag (physics) drag and to improve performance. Recently, full body or half body swimwear has become common, with a special low drag surface and also cut in a way to improve muscle performance. Swimmers are also known to shave their body and legs to reduce drag from
Hair body hair. The arms are not shaved, as increased drag on the arms aids in propulsion. Areas covered by swimwear also need not to be shaved.
Championships
*
Swimming at the Summer Olympics (include swimming, water polo, diving and synchronised swimming)
*
World Aquatics Championships (include swimming, water polo, diving and synchronised swimming)
*
World Aquatics Championships FINA Long Course World Championships
*
FINA World Swimming Championships FINA Short Course World Championships
*
Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
*
Swimming at the Commonwealth Games (include swimming, water polo, diving and synchronised swimming)
Recreational swimming
Image:SwimmingDockCropped--AmericanEnglish.jpg right|thumb|200px|Two swimming docks.
The most common reason for swimming is probably recreation, where the swimmer enters the water merely for enjoyment. Swimming is a good way to relax. Many
List of swimming styles swimming styles are suitable for recreational swimming. Most recreational swimmers prefer a style that keeps their head out of the water and uses an underwater arm recovery. For example,
breaststroke,
side stroke, or '
Dog paddle swimming dog paddle', however, out-of-water recovery of freestyle or Butterfly gives rise to better exploitation of the difference in viscosity of the two media (air and water). Butterfly, which consists of out-of-water recovery with even symmetry in body movements, is most suited to rough water swimming. For example,
Vicki Keith crossed the rough waters of Lake Ontario using Butterfly. Most recreational swimming takes place in pools, where the water is calm. Therefore Freestyle (which does not work as well in rough water) is suitable. However, playing around in rough water is a common source of recreation, but is sometimes dangerous due to undertow or the risk of injury from rocks on the bottom of a lake or riverbed.
Swimming pools are popular venues for recreational swimming, as are beaches, lakes,
swimming holes,
Creek (stream) creeks, rivers, and sometimes canals.
Occupational swimming
A number of people enter the water and swim as part of their work. For example,
abalone divers or
pearl divers swim and dive to obtain an economic benefit, as do
Spearfishing spear fishermen.
Swimming is used to rescue other swimmers in distress. There are a number of specialized swimming styles specially for rescue purposes (''see
List of swimming styles''). Such techniques are studied by
Lifeguard lifeguards or members of the
Coast Guard. The training of these techniques also evolved into competitions such as
surf lifesaving.
Swimming is also done for scientific research. Swimming is studied to improve the performances of competitive swimmers. Swimming is also used in
marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural habitat. Other sciences may also use swimming.
Konrad Lorenz for example swam with
Goose geese as part of his studies of
Ethology animal behavior.
Swimming also has
Armed force military purposes besides the mere need to cross waters. A swimmer in the water or under the water can be difficult to detect, especially at night. Military swimming is usually done by
Special forces, such as
Navy SEAL Navy SEALS. Swimming is used to approach a location, gather intelligence, sabotage or combat, and to depart a location. This may also include airborne insertion into water or leaving a submerged
submarine through a hatch or the torpedo tubes. Special equipment and techniques are also used to engage hostiles in and under water.
Swimming has more recently become a professional sport as well. Companies such as
Speedo and
Tyr Sports, Inc. sponsor swimmers just as
Nike, Inc. Nike sponsors basketball players. Cash awards are also given at many of the major competitions for breaking records.
Swimming for exercise
Image:Swimergy hybrid swim machine.jpg thumb|right|300px|A still-water swimming machine where the swimmer exercises against the pull of a bungee cord.
Swimming is a good form of
exercise. Because the
density of the human body is approximately similar to that of
water, the body is supported by the water and less stress is therefore placed on joints and bones. Furthermore, the
hydrodynamics resistance against movement depends heavily on the speed of the movement, allowing the fine tuning of the exercise according to one's ability. Therefore, swimming is frequently used as an exercise in rehabilitation after injuries or for the
disability disabled.
Resistance swimming is one form of swimming exercise. It is done either for training purposes, to hold the swimmer in place for stroke analysis, or to enable one to swim in a confined space for either athletic or therapeutic reasons. Resistance swimming can be done either against a stream of water set in motion by a (usually) self-contained mechanical device (often termed a ''
swimming machine'') or by holding the swimmer stationary by means of elastic attachments.
Swimming is primarily an
aerobic exercise due to the relatively long exercise time, requiring a constant
oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints where the muscles work
anaerobic exercise anaerobically. As with most aerobic exercise it is believed to reduce the harmful effects of
Stress (medicine) stress. While aerobic exercises usually burn fat and help with losing weight, this effect is limited in swimming, even though being in cold water burns more
food energy to maintain body temperature.
The reason that swimming does not significantly reduce weight is still poorly understood, but seems to be related to the better heat conduction of water. A number of reasons are suspected.
*Firstly, water cools the body much faster than air, and most researchers believe that subsequently the body aims to maintain a layer of fat under the
skin for
Thermal insulation insulation.
*Secondly, it is believed that
appetite decreases as your body temperature increases, as for example during exercise. However, during swimming the body is cooled down almost instantly as the surrounding water is usually cooler than the body temperature, and some researchers believe that this may actually increase the appetite. This assumption is not yet proven by research.
*Thirdly, fast swimming requires a high level of effort, meaning glycogen rather than fat is burned. Prolonged exercise at lower intensity is better for fat-burning.
*Fourthly, some researchers also believe that the
metabolism of the body increases at higher body temperature, burning more food energy. Again, during swimming the body is cooled down by the surrounding water, reducing the metabolism, and subsequently the amount of food energy burnt. This assumption is also not yet proven by research.
*Finally, there is also a theory that people with a genetically higher body fat content tend to be more sucessful as swimmers since the increased buoyancy of the fat aids in floatation or the rounder shapes offer less resistance to the water.
Swimming exercises almost all
muscles in the body. Usually, the
arms and upper body are exercised more than the
Human leg legs. In competitive swimming, excessive leg muscles can be seen as a disadvantage as they consume more oxygen, which would be needed for the muscles in the arms, although this depends on the swimming style. While
breaststroke generates significant movement with the legs,
front crawl propels the body mainly with the arms.
Sometimes the swimming consists of swimming laps using a conventional stroke, such as the
front crawl; other forms can include different forms of exercise performed in the water, such as
water aerobics.
Swimming may be good for
asthma sufferers.
Swimming uses all three energy systems, which are the
creatine phosphate system,
anaerobic glycolosis (also known as
Lactic acid system), and the
aerobic system. These three systems require energy in form of
ATP to function.
Health risks
Image:Hanakapiai Beach Warning Sign Only.jpg Hanakapiai.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|A sign warns hikers on the trail to [[Hanakapiai Beach..html" title="Meaning of right|150px|A sign warns hikers on the trail to [[Hanakapiai">thumb|right|150px|A sign warns hikers on the trail to [[Hanakapiai Beach.">right|150px|A sign warns hikers on the trail to [[Hanakapiai">thumb|right|150px|A sign warns hikers on the trail to [[Hanakapiai Beach.
Swimming is considered a sport with a low risk of injury. Nevertheless there are some health risks with swimming. Most lethal risks in swimming are due to the inability to swim. It is recommended to swim in an area supervised by
lifeguards and to pay attention to the water conditions. Possible health risks, ranging from potentially lethal to minor temporary inconveniences include the following:
* Drowning, inhalation arising from:
** Adverse water conditions swamping or overwhelming the swimmer or causing water inhalation.
** Negative
buoyancy when attached to a heavy object or entrapment e.g. in a sinking ship.
** Actions of others pushing under water accidentally in play or intentionally.
** Exhaustion or unconsciousness.
** Incapacitation through
shallow water blackout,
myocardial infarction heart attacks,
carotid sinus#Disease of the carotid sinus carotid sinus syncope or
stroke.
** Incompetence, swimmer's ability does not meet the conditions.
* Adverse effects of immersion
** Secondary drowning, where inhaled salt water creates a foam in the lungs that restricts breathing.
**
Salt Water Aspiration Syndrome, SWAS.
** Thermal shock after jumping into water can cause the heart to stop.
** Abnormal growth in the
ear ear canal due to the frequent, long-term splashing of water into the ear canal.
** Wrinkled skin on the fingers, palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet after long immersion; this disappears quickly without any negative effect.
** Injuries may heal slower if submerged in water.
* Exposure to chemicals
** Chlorine in the eyes; in
chlorination chlorinated swimming pools the
chlorine may burn the eyes, stopping shortly after leaving the water but may be persistent and serious. Other disinfection techniques using, for example,
ozone can avoid this effect.
** Chlorine inhalation; breathing small quantities of
chlorine gas from the water surface whilst swimming for long periods of time may have an adverse effect on the lungs.
**
Chlorine also has a negative cosmetic effect after repeated long exposure, turning blonde hair green and turning teeth brown.
* Infection
** Water is an excellent environment for many
bacterium bacteria,
parasites,
fungi and
viruses affecting humans depending on
water quality.
** Skin infections from both swimming and shower rooms can cause
athlete's foot (boat bug). The easiest way to avoid this is drying the space between the
foot toes after swimming.
** Microscopic parasites such as
Cryptosporidium can be resistant to chlorine and can cause diarrheal illness when swimmers swallow pool water.
** Ear infections,
otitis media, (
otitis externa).
**
Legionnaires' disease may have been transmitted by showers after swimming. Good swimming facilities heat the shower water to 60°C (140°F) once per week during closing time to disinfect the water system.
** There is no known case of transmission of
AIDS through the water.
** There is no known case of
pregnancy due to
sperm transported through the water while swimming.
* Swimmer's own actions
** Overuse injury; competitive
butterfly swimmers for example may develop some
back pain and shoulder pain after long years of training,
breaststroke swimmers may develop knee pain, and front crawl and backstroke swimmers may develop shoulder pain.
**
Hyperventilation in a bid to extend underwater breath-hold times lowers blood carbon dioxide resulting in suppression of the urge to breathe and consequent loss of consciousness towards the end of the dive, see
shallow water blackout for the mechanism.
* Adverse water and weather conditions
**
Current_(water) Currents, including
tides and
rivers can cause exhaustion, move swimmers away from safety, or pull swimmers under water.
**
Wind enhances
ocean surface wave waves and can blow a swimmer off course.
**
Hypothermia, due to cold water, can cause rapid exhaustion and unconsciousness.
**
Lightning can strike an outdoor swimmer during a
thunderstorm. The lightning only has to strike part of the adjacent pool structure and is then attracted to the highest point available, such as a swimmer's head.
**
Sunburn severity can be increased by reflections in the water and the lack of clothing worn during swimming. Long-term exposure to the sun contributes to risk of skin
cancer.
* Objects in the water.
** Propellor damage is a major cause of accidents, either by being run over by a boat or entaglement on climbing into a boat.
** Collision with another swimmer, the pool walls, rocks or boats.
** Diving into a submerged object, or the bottom, often in turbid water.
** Snagging on underwater objects, particulary submerged branches or wrecks.
** Stepping on sharp objects such as broken glass.
* Dangerous aquatic life
** Stings,
jellyfish and some
corals.
** Piercings,
sea urchins.
** Bites,
sharks and other
fish,
snakes,
lobster or
crabs.
** Electrocution, electric rays,
electric eels.
Clothing
Image:speedo.jpg thumb|200px|Male competitive swimsuit.
{{main|Swimsuit}}
The desire or cultural demand of
modesty together with the awkwardness or unsuitability of conventional
clothing in the water led to the development of the
swimsuit (and in
Victorian era Victorian times, the
bathing machine).
Men's swimsuits tend to be
Trunks (clothing) trunks, surf or
boardshorts,
competition briefs, or
cut-offs. Other types of swimwear include
Speedos.
Women's swimsuits are generally either one-piece swimsuits of traditional or competitive style (such as the
racerback) or
bikinis. Another option would be a
Tankini, more conservative than a bikini but still not a one-piece.
Bodyskins are special whole body swimsuits for competitive swimming, designed to reduce skin drag. (See
Competitive swimwear)
Nude or
topless swimming is done:
*at
nudist areas
*without being formally allowed, at quiet places and hours; also called ''
skinny dipping''
*at private swimming pools and beaches, not visible to outsiders
*during nudist hours in some
swimming pools
*at (usually small) swimming pools in
saunas
*in
Denmark, all beaches are clothing-optional unless marked otherwise
Historical bibliography
* Maniscalco F., Il nuoto nel mondo greco romano, Naples 1993.
* Mehl H., Antike Schwimmkunst, Munchen 1927.
External links
-
Drowning Prevention and Water Safety Information from Seattle Children's Hospital and the Washington State Drowning Prevention Network.
-
How to swim (An archaic but very interesting article from the ''Boy's Own Book of Outdoor Sports'' (early 1900s))
-
Swimming Injuries and Illnesses
-
Swimming and Weight Loss
-
SWIMMERS: Body fat mystery!
See also
*
Deep Eddy Pool Deep Eddy Pool—Oldest swimming pool in Texas
*
Diving
*
Fish locomotion
*
Ice swimming
*
List of swimming styles
*
List of Swimmers
*
List of swimming coaches
*
List of water sports
*
Resistance swimming
*
Swimming at the Summer Olympics
*
Swimming machine
*
Swimming pool
*
Total Immersion
Category:Survival skills
Category:Swimming *
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{{commonscat|Swimming}}
'''Swimming''' is the method by which
humans (or other animals) move themselves through
water. Swimming is a popular recreational activity, particularly in hot countries and in areas with natural watercourses. Swimming is also a competitive sport. There are many health benefits of swimming, yet basic swimming skills and safety precautions are needed to participate in water activities.
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