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Taiwan

*** Shopping-Tip: Taiwan
{{this article is about|the people, history, culture, and geography of Taiwan. For the state commonly known as "Taiwan," see Republic of China. For other uses, see Taiwan (disambiguation).}} Image:LocationTaiwan.png right|frame|The location of Taiwan Image:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg NASA.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east but gradually changes to gently sloping plains in the west. Penghu Islands (the Pescadores) are to the west of Taiwan. (Satellite photo by [[NASA).html" title="Meaning of 250px|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east but gradually changes to gently sloping plains in the west. Penghu Islands (the Pescadores) are to the west of Taiwan. (Satellite photo by [[NASA">thumb|250px|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east but gradually changes to gently sloping plains in the west. Penghu Islands (the Pescadores) are to the west of Taiwan. (Satellite photo by [[NASA)">250px|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east but gradually changes to gently sloping plains in the west. Penghu Islands (the Pescadores) are to the west of Taiwan. (Satellite photo by [[NASA">thumb|250px|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east but gradually changes to gently sloping plains in the west. Penghu Islands (the Pescadores) are to the west of Taiwan. (Satellite photo by [[NASA) '''Taiwan''' ({{zh-tspw|t=è‡ºç?£ or å?°ç?£|s=å?°æ¹¾|p=TÃ¡iwÄ?n|w=T'ai-wan}}; Taiwanese (linguistics) Taiwanese: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n) commonly used to refer to the territories currently governed by the '''Republic of China''' (ROC), which include the Taiwan island group (including Orchid Island Lanyu (Orchid Island) and Green Island, Taiwan Green Island), the Pescadores in the Taiwan Strait, Kinmen and Matsu Island Matsu off the coast of mainland Fujian, and Taiping (island) Taiping and the Pratas in the South China Sea, and more informally and controversially, it is the ordinary name used for the state and government called the Republic of China. The main island of Taiwan is located in East Asia off the coast of mainland China, south of Japan and north of the Philippines. Also known as '''Formosa''' (Portugal Portuguese sailors called it ''Ilha Formosa'', which means "beautiful island"), it is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait, to the west by the Taiwan Strait and to the north by the East China Sea. The island is 394 kilometers (245 miles) long and 144 kilometers (89 miles) wide and consists of steep mountains covered by tropical and subtropical vegetation. The legitimacy of the independence enjoyed by Taiwan is contested by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which considers Taiwan to be part of its own territory, though the PRC government does not and has never exercised control over Taiwan.

Political status
''Main article: Political status of Taiwan'' In 1895, Taiwan, including the Pescadores, became a Japanese colony, a concession by the Qing dynasty Qing Empire after it lost the First Sino-Japanese War. After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, Allied Command ordered Japanese troops in Taiwan to surrender to the Republic of China (ROC) and the ROC has been the de facto ruler of Taiwan ever since. In 1949, upon losing the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) of the Republic of China retreated from mainland China and moved the ROC government to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all of China and Mongolia (region) Mongolia. On the mainland, the Communists established the People's Republic of China (PRC), claiming to be the sole representative of China including Taiwan and portraying the ROC government on Taiwan as an illegitimate entity. {{cite web | year=2005| title=The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue | format=HTML | work=PRC Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council | url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Taiwan%20Issue&m_id=4 | accessdate=2006-03-06}} See Sec. 1: "Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Taiwan, although its regime has continued to use the designations "Republic of China" and "government of the Republic of China," it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory." Taiwan has been transformed into a major industrialized economy and is often touted as the Taiwan Miracle and one of the East Asian Tigers. Meanwhile, political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized the Republic of China from an authoritarian one-party state into a multiparty democracy. In 2000, the KMT's monopoly on power ended after the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the President of the Republic of China ROC presidency. Besides groups seeking the Chinese reunification reunification of Taiwan with the mainland, there is a Taiwan independence movement that seeks to establish a Republic of Taiwan Taiwanese republic. The competing claims over the future of Taiwan have made and continue to make Taiwan's political status of Taiwan political status a contentious issue. The number who answer favorably toward any particular resolution often changes depending on the particular wording of the question, illustrating the complexity of public opinion on the topic. The majority of Taiwanese favor maintaining the status quo of de facto independence.{{cite book | last = Swaine | first = Michael | coauthors = James C. Mulvenon | title = Tawian's Foreign and Defense Policies: Features and Determinants | origyear = 2001 | url = http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1383/MR1383.ch3.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-03-05 | publisher = RAND Corporation | language = English | id = ISBN 0-8330-3094-9 | pages = 30 | chapter = 3 | quote = "Efforts to accurately measure and assess public and group views and interests on these and other issues are fraught with problems, however, such as political bias and the use of unscientific methodologies. A significant number of opinion polls are conducted each year by Taiwanâ€™s political parties, newspapers, and various politically-oriented private groups or foundations on a wide range of subjects. Many such polls arguably produce inaccurate results, either as a result of sampling errors, biased questions, or a subjectâ€™s awareness of the highly partisan nature of the polling agency." }} The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should overt actions toward independence be taken. It is the policy of the PRC to reserve the right to "use force to ensure reunification" if peaceful reunification fails, and there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast for this reason. {{cite web | year=2004| title= 2004 National Defense Report| format=PDF | work=ROC Ministry of National Defense | url=http://report.mnd.gov.tw/eng/pdf/all-1-360.pdf | accessdate=2006-03-05}} Pages 89-90: "The PRC refusal to renounce using military power against Taiwan, its current emphasis on "enhancing preparation for military struggle," its obvious intention of preparing a war against Taiwan reflected in operational deployment, readiness efforts, and annual military exercises in the Southeast China coastal region, and its progress in aerospace operations, information warfare, paralyzation warfare, and non-conventional warfare, all of these factors work together so that the ROC Armed Forces face an increasingly complicated and difficult situation in terms of self-defense and counterattack. These multiple daunting challenges are testing our defense security." In return, the US has provided military training and arms sales to the ROC. {{cite web| year = 2000 | url = http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/twstrait_12182000.html | title = Executive Summary of Report to Congress on implementation of the Taiwan Relations Act | format = HTML | work = Report to Congress Pursuant to Public Law 106-113 | publisher = U.S. Department of Defense | accessdate = 2005-03-05}} However, the United States has repeatedly stated that it does not support any unilateral changes in the current status quo by either the ROC or PRC leadership. {{Press release reference | Organization = U.S. Department of State | Date = 2004-04-21 |Title = Overview of U.S. Policy Towards Taiwan | URL = http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/31649.htm }} The KMT supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of reunification because unification with the PRC for the foreseeable future is unacceptable to its members and the public. Ma Ying-Jeou, current chairman of the KMT and current frontrunner for the 2008 presidential election, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of Taiwan, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that the mainland must fulfill in order for reunification to occur; these conditions mean that even to the major party most open to unification, believes unification is a goal achievable only in the long term. The DPP, which supports an independent Taiwan, supports the status quo because the risk of declaring independence and provoking mainland China is unacceptable to its members. However, President Chen Shui-Bian has stated that no matter what, any said decision should be decided through a public referendum of the people of Taiwan. Both parties' current foreign policy positions support taking active steps to advocate the ROC's participation in international organizations and in fact, are actually quite similar, with the two exceptions being that the KMT is willing to accept "one-China" and the DPP encouraging economic ties with countries other than China for security reasons. In accordance with the One-China policy and the PRC's view that the ROC government is illegitimate, the PRC requires that all countries that it conducts diplomatic relations with give no recognition to the Republic of China on Taiwan. As a result, there are currently 25 states -- mostly small, developing nations in Africa and Central America -- that have diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. However, most major powers, such as the United States and United Kingdom have de-facto embassies in the ROC, and reciprocally, Taiwan maintains similar de-facto diplomatic offices. The United States, maintains unofficial diplomatic relations through the American Institute in Taiwan. ROC's de facto embassies are referred to as "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices" (TECRO), with branch offices, the equivalent of consulates, called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Also in accordance with the One-China policy, the PRC only participates in international organizations where the ROC is not recognized as a state. The United Nations, for example, expelled the ROC when the PRC was admitted. Each year since 1992, the government of the Republic of China petitions the UN for entry but has so far been unsuccessful because most countries, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fears of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC, although both the US and Japan publicly support the ROC's bid for membership of the World Health Organization as an observer. {{cite news .html">Chinese Taipei in international events such as the Olympic Games, when PRC is also a party. The ROC is also barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to PRC pressure, and Taiwanese spectators attending events such as the Olympics are barred from bringing ROC national flags into Olympic venues. {{cite news title=Taiwan flags in S.L. ruffle a few feelings |date=2002-02-10 |publisher=The Deseret News |url=http://deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000298,00.html}} On the other hand, the ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations that the PRC does not participate in, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

History
''Main article: History of Taiwan'' Image:Beinan Archaeological Site.jpg Puyuma.html" title="Meaning of right right|thumb|200px|The [[Puyuma's moon-shaped monolith, ca. 1896.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|The [[Puyuma">right|thumb|200px|The [[Puyuma's moon-shaped monolith, ca. 1896">thumb|200px|The [[Puyuma">right|thumb|200px|The [[Puyuma's moon-shaped monolith, ca. 1896

Prehistory and early settlement
Evidence of human settlement in Taiwan dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Taiwan may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current Taiwanese aborigine Taiwanese aborigines settled Taiwan. These aborigines are genetically related to Malay and Polynesians, and linguists classify their language as Austronesian. {{cite journal | first = Jean | last = Trejaut | coauthors = Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo, Chien Liang Lee, Chun Lin He, Chia Jung Hsu, Zheng Yuan Li, Marie Lin | year = 2005 | month = August | title = Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | url = http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247}} Records indicate that Han Chinese settled in Penghu since the 1100s, but it was not until later that people other than aborigines permanently settled in the main island of Taiwan. {{citeneeded}} Records from ancient China indicate that Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Taiwan since the Three Kingdoms period (third century), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater and Minor Liuqiu (Ryukyu in Japanese), though none of these names have been definitively matched to the main island of Taiwan. It has been claimed but not verified that the Ming Dynasty admiral Zheng He visited Taiwan between 1403 and 1424. In 1544, a Portugal Portuguese ship sighted the main island of Taiwan and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island." The Portuguese made no attempt to colonize Taiwan. In 1624, the Netherlands Dutch established a commercial base on Taiwan and began to import workers from Fujian and Penghu as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Taiwan a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day Anping, Tainan). The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan) Castle Zeelandia. {{cite web | title=Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project| work=National Anping Harbor Historical Park | url=http://anping.tncg.gov.tw/archaeology/e_aha_01.jsp | accessdate=2006-03-08}} The name ''Taiwan'' derives from ''Tayoan'', meaning "I" in one of the Formosan languages.

Koxinga and imperial Chinese rule
Ming dynasty Ming naval and troop forces defeated the Netherlands Dutch in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by Lord Zheng Chenggong (also known as Lord Koxinga or é„æˆ?åŠŸ), a pirate turned Ming dynasty Ming navy commander. Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Zheng retreated to Taiwan as a self-styled Ming loyalist, and established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662â€“1683). Cheng establishing his capital at Tainan and he and his heirs, Zheng Jing (é„ç¶“) who ruled from 1662-82 and his son Zheng Ke-Shuang (é„å…‹å¡½), who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the east coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty in an attempt to recover the mainland. In 1683, the Qing dynasty defeated the Zheng holdout, and formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. Following the defeat of Zheng's grandson to an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang, Zheng's followers were expatriated to the farthest reaches of the Qing Empire, leaving approximately 7,000 Han on Taiwan. The Qing Dynasty Qing government wrestled with its Taiwan policy to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, which led to a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Illegal immigrants from Fujian continued to enter Taiwan as renters of the large plots of aboriginal lands under contracts that usually involved marriage, while the border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands migrated east, with some aborigines 'Sinicizing' while others retreated into the mountains. The bulk of Taiwan's population today claim descent from these immigrants. During this time, there were a number of conflicts involving Han Chinese from different regions of China, and between Han Chinese and aborigines. In 1887, the Qing government upgraded Taiwan's status from that of being a prefecture of Fujian to one of province itself, the 20th in the country, with capital at Taipei. The move was accompanied by a modernization drive that included the building of the first railroad and the beginning of a postal service in Taiwan. {{cite web| year=2006| title=Build History of Main Routes of Taiwan Railway | format=HTML | work=Taiwan Railway Administration | url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm | accessdate=2006-03-06}}

Japanese rule
Image:Taiwan presidential bdg.JPG thumb|right|250px|The building currently known as the ROC Presidential Office was originally built as the Office of the Governor-General by the Japanese colonial government. Following its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Qing China ceded Taiwan and Penghu (the Pescadores) to Meiji period Japan in perpetuity, on terms dictated by the latter. Inhabitants wishing to remain Chinese subjects were given a 2-year grace period to sell their property and move to the mainland.{{citeneeded}} On May 25, 1895, the Republic of Formosa was formed with a dynastic name of "Forever Qing" ("Qing" or "Ch'ing" referring to the dynastic name of China at the time: Great Qing Empire) and with capital at Tainan City Tainan, to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895. As opposed to elsewhere in Asia, most notably Korea, Japan never tried to fully assimilate Taiwan culturally. Instead, they attempted to use Taiwan as a model colony and was instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads that had just sprung up in late Qing rule, built a sanitation system and a public school system, among other things. Still, the ethnic Chinese and Taiwanese aborigines were classified as second and third class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire. By 1945, just before Japan lost World War II, desperate plans were in place to incorporate popular representation of Taiwan into the Japanese Diet to make Taiwan an integral part of Japan proper. {{citeneeded}} Japan's rule of Taiwan came to an end with its defeat in World War II. Its signing of the Instrument of Surrender of Japan Instrument of Surrender on August 15, 1945, signaled that Taiwan was to be returned to China, one of the Allies of World War II Allied objectives from the wartime declarations. On October 25, 1945, ROC troops, representing the Allied Command, accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taihoku (today: Taipei). However, due to the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communists, the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty between Japan and the Allies stipulated the United States as the main occupying power of Taiwan while not naming the recipient of Taiwan's sovereignty, which Chiang Kai-Shek, President of ROC, refused to accept. PRC was not invited to the treaty because of the Korean War. {{citeneeded}}

Dictatorship under the Kuomintang
Image:ROC Taiwan delegates.jpg National Assembly of the Republic of China thumb|right|250px| [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|ROC National Assembly delegates with Chiang Kai-shek in 1946, 3 years before moving the central government to Taiwan. There is little evidence that the people of Taiwan actually participated in electing these delegates..html" title="Meaning of ROC National Assembly.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|250px| [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|ROC National Assembly">thumb|right|250px| [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|ROC National Assembly delegates with Chiang Kai-shek in 1946, 3 years before moving the central government to Taiwan. There is little evidence that the people of Taiwan actually participated in electing these delegates.">ROC National Assembly.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|250px| [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|ROC National Assembly">thumb|right|250px| [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|ROC National Assembly delegates with Chiang Kai-shek in 1946, 3 years before moving the central government to Taiwan. There is little evidence that the people of Taiwan actually participated in electing these delegates. Image:CKS Memorial Hall.jpg thumb|right|250px|Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei The ROC administration, led by Chiang Kai-shek, announced October 25, 1945, as "Taiwan Retrocession Day" (è‡ºç?£å…‰å¾©ç¯€). At first, they were reportedly greeted as liberators by the people of Taiwan. However, the ROC military administration on Taiwan under Chen Yi (KMT) Chen Yi was generally unstable and corrupt; it seized property and set up government monopolies of many industries. These problems, compounded with hyperinflation, unrest due to the Chinese Civil War, and distrust due to political, cultural and linguistic differences between the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new administration. {{cite news |title="This Is the Shame" |date=1946-06-10 |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html}} (Subscription required) This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC administration and Taiwanese, in turn leading to the bloody 228 incident and the reign of White Terror. {{cite news |title= Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=1947-04-07 |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html}} (Subscription required) Full version at [http://228.lomaji.com/news/040747b.html] At the same time, the Chinese Civil War was in progress. In 1949, Chiang's Kuomintang (Nationalist Party or KMT), which at the time controlled the government of the ROC, retreated to Taiwan after its defeat on mainland China at the hands of the Communist Party of China. Some 1.3 million refugees from mainland China, consisting primarily of soldiers, KMT party members, and other wealthy mainlanders, arrived in Taiwan around that time. From this period on, Taiwan was governed by a single party state party-state dictatorship, with the KMT as the ruling party. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with "public property", government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party workers were also indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted to the point of executions and incarceration. Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Straits to "neutralize" the Straits. {{Citepaper_publisher_version | Author=U.S. Department of Defense | Title=Classified Teletype Conference, dated June 27, 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files | Publisher=Truman Presidential Library & Museum | PublishYear=1950 | URL=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm}} Page 1: "In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland." Page 4: "Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China." In the San Francisco Peace Treaty, which came into force on April 28, 1952, and the Treaty of Taipei, concluded hours before that date, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores (Peng-hu), and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Both treaties remained silent about who would take control of the island, in part to avoid taking sides in the Chinese Civil War. Advocates of Taiwan independence have used this omission to call into question any legal claims on Taiwan, and arguing that the future of Taiwan should be decided by self-determination. During the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwan began to develop into a prosperous and dynamic economy, becoming one of the East Asian Tigers while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the Republic of China government on Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the Communists' People's Republic of China on the mainland.See UN General Assembly Resolution 2758.

Democratic transition
After Chiang Kai-shek's death in 1975, Vice President Yen Chia-kan briefly took over from 1975 to 1978 according to the Constitution, but actual power was in hands of the Premier of the Executive Yuan, Chiang Ching-kuo, who was KMT chairman and a son of Chiang Kai-shek. During the presidency of Chiang Ching-kuo from 1978 to 1988, Taiwan's political system began to undergo gradual liberalization. Martial law, which had been in effect since 1948, was lifted in 1987, and the opposition Democratic Progressive Party was formed and allowed to participate overtly in politics. After Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, Vice President Lee Teng-hui succeeded him as the first Taiwan-born president of the ROC and chairman of the KMT. One-party rule lost its effective dominance with the continuation of peaceful social and political reforms. Lee became the first ROC president elected by popular vote in 1996. In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party won the Presidential election, marking the first ever peaceful democratic transition of power to an opposition party in Chinese history and a decisive end to the KMT's monopoly in administration of the central government. {{cite news |title=Opposition wins Taiwan presidency |date=2000-03-18 |publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/681599.stm}} After surviving a politically controversial assassination attempt the night before the 2004 election, Chen was re-elected to his second four-year term by an extremely slim margin. {{cite news |title=Taiwan split after vote |date=2004-03-20 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3553195.stm}} Today, both parties have moderated their positions, with both the KMT and the DPP appearing to support maintenance of the status quo in the short term. However, Chen's recent executive order that the National Unification Council "cease to function" is criticized by some of his opponents as dangerous in terms of cross-strait policy and neglectful of the economic needs of Taiwan. See also * Timeline of Taiwanese history * History of the Republic of China * History of China

Geography
Image:Taroko national park Taiwan 1.jpg Taroko.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|[[Taroko National Park.html" title="Meaning of thumb|[[Taroko National Park">[[Taroko">thumb|[[Taroko National Park ''Main article: Geography of Taiwan'' The island of Taiwan lies some 200 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China, across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of 35,801 square kilometers (13,823 square miles), with the East China Sea to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population. Taiwan's highest point is the Yu Shan at 3,952 meters, while there are 5 other peaks over 3,500 meters. Taiwan's climate is marine tropical climate tropical.{{cite web | title= Field Listing - Climate| work=The World Factbook | publisher=Central Intelligence Agency | url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2059.html | accessdate=2006-03-08}} The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest monsoon, and also experiences "Plum Rains" in May.{{cite web | title= Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation| work=Climate Data | publisher=ROC Central Weather Bureau | url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html | accessdate=2006-03-08}} The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The Middle to South of the island do not have an extended Monsoon during the winter months, however can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as typhoons and earthquakes{{cite news |title=Rescuers hunt quake survivors |date=1999-09-21 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/453087.stm}} are common in the region. Taiwan is a center of bird endemic (ecology) endemism. See Endemic Birds of Taiwan for further information.

Environment and Pollution
With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Taiwan suffer from heavy pollution. Most notably are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the eastern stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, South of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory air pollution, however with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Taiwan has improved dramatically.{{cite web | title= Taiwan: Environmental Issues| work=Country Analysis Brief - Taiwan | publisher=Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/taiwanenv.html | accessdate=2006-03-08}} "The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001. " The motor scooters which are ubiquitous in Taiwan, especially older or cheaper 2-stroke versions, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution in Taiwan. Land and soil pollution has decreased as Taiwanese industry moves out of heavy industry; however, several toxic sites leftover mainly by foreign companies operating factories in Taiwan continue to pose challenges. Solid waste disposal has become less of a problem as a nation-wide recycling movement has taken hold, especially with support from Buddhist charity organizations. Water pollution remains a largely unameliorated problematic issue. Nearly 90% of sewage waste in Taiwan is dumped into waterways untreated. Several rivers are so heavily polluted that it would take political unfeasible billions of dollars to clean up.

Natural resources
Taiwan has few natural resources. Fishing is a big industry, but its international quotas have been cut.

Energy resources
Taiwan has significant coal deposits and some insignificant oil and gas deposits. Electrical power generation consists of nearly 50% oil-based power, less than 10% natural gas, less than 10% nuclear power, and about 35% hydroelectric power, with the difference made up with renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transporation and power needs must be imported, making Taiwan particularly sensitive to fluctations in energy prices. Because of this, Taiwan's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from a current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several wind-farms built by American and German companies are have come online or will in the near future. Taiwan is rich in wind-energy resources, both on-shore and off-shore, though limited land area makes development of offshore wind resources more feasible. Solar energy, to an extent, is also a potential resource. By promoting renewable energy, Taiwan's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, which hopes to develop into an export market.

Demographics
''Main article: Demographics of Taiwan'' ROC's population was estimated in 2005 as being 22.9 million, most of which are on Taiwan. About 98 % of the population is of Han Chinese ethnicity. Of these people, 84 % are descendants of early Han immigrants known as ''native Taiwanese'' (c: æœ¬çœ?äºº; p: Bensheng ren; lit. "home-province person"). This group contains two subgroups. The first subgroup is the Southern Fujianese (70 % of the total population), who migrated from the coastal Fujian Southern Fujian region in the southeast of mainland China. The second subgroup is the Hakka (15 % of the total population), who originally migrated south to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan, intermarrying extensively with Taiwanese aborigines. The remaining 14 % of Han Chinese are known as Mainlanders (å¤–çœ?äºº; Waisheng ren; lit. "external-province person") and are composed of and descend from immigrants who arrived after the Second World War. This group fled mainland China in 1949 following the Kuomintang Nationalist defeat in the Chinese Civil War. ''Dalu ren'' (å¤§é™¸äºº) refers to residents of Mainland China. This group excludes almost all Taiwanese, including the Mainlanders, except recent immigrants from mainland China, such as those made Republic of China citizens through marriage. It also excludes foreign brides from Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines or foreign grooms of which a greater number come from Western countries. One in seven marriages now involves a partner from another country. As Taiwan's birthrate is among the lowest in the world {{cite news |title=Low birthrate a concern for nation's economic future |date=2005-11-21 |publisher=The Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/11/21/2003281073}}, this contingent is playing an increasingly important role in changing Taiwan's demographic makeup. The other 2% of Taiwan's population, numbering about 440,000, are listed as the Taiwanese aborigines (åŽŸä½?æ°‘; yuÃ¡nzhÃ¹mÃn; lit. "original inhabitants"), divided into 12 major groups: Ami, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou, Saisiyat, Yami, Thao, Kavalan and Taroko. {{cite web| url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tw.html#People|title=Taiwan|work=The World Factbook| publisher=Central Intelligence Agency| accessdate=2006-03-05|format=HTML}}

Language
Almost everyone on Taiwan born after the early 1950s can speak Mandarin (linguistics) Mandarin. It is the official language in Taiwan, and has been the medium of instruction in the schools for more than four decades. Under the Republic of China language policy in effect up to the 1980s, use of the local languages was forbidden from the airwaves and in official situations, and students sometimes received corporal punishment by their instructors, as they did for many other infractions, for speaking Taiwanese, Hakka, or Aboriginal languages in school or at home. Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and predominate television and airwaves, today, non-Mandarin languages have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan. Demographically, a large fraction of people speak Taiwanese language Taiwanese, a variant of Min-nan, and a majority understand it. A large proportion also speak Hakka (linguistics) Hakka. Between 1900 and 1945, Japanese language Japanese was the medium of instruction, so older people educated during that period can also speak Japanese. There are some cases where older generations ''only'' speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Taiwanese they spoke at home. This leaves them out of the loop with the modern generations who may only speak Mandarin while they can't speak it at all. Most aboriginal groups in Taiwan have their own languages, and unlike Taiwanese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the Austronesian languages Austronesian language family. Several romanization schemes exist. Chinese romanization on Taiwan uses both Tongyong pinyin (Tongyong pronunciation), which the national government officially has adopted, and Hanyu pinyin (Hanyu pronunciation), which some localities use. Wade-Giles, used traditionally, also is found. Mayor Ma Ying-jeou recently changed all Taipei street names to the Hanyu form, although most romanizations in other cities still are in Tongyong and addresses are generally written in Tongyong.

Religion
About half of the ROC population is religious, and most of these people identify themselves as Buddhists or Taoists. The default identity is Taoism but in Taiwan, belief in folk religion also is prevalent, and many people practice some combination of these faiths. Confucianism is also an honored school of thought and ethical code. Christianity Christian churches have been active on Taiwan for many years; a majority of these churches are Protestantism Protestant, with Presbyterians and Baptists playing a particularly significant role. Noteworthy is the Presbyterian church's role in facilitating the democratization of Taiwan. Besides formal religions, many in Taiwan also believe in the idea of destiny and will commonly go to fortune tellers to have their fortune's read. In addition, it is common for younger people today to establish common ground through their Western horoscope sign and their blood types. {{cite web | title=Religion | work=ROC Tourism Bureau | url=http://202.39.225.132/jsp/Eng/html/about_taiwan/religion.jsp | accessdate=2006-03-06}}

Economy
Image:Taipeinight1.jpg thumb|250px|Taipei City at night

The Taiwan miracle
''Main article: Taiwan miracle'' Because of the Taiwanese economy's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter-half of the 20th century, the Taiwan Economy is often called the Taiwan miracle Taiwan Miracle or Taiwan Economic Miracle (å?°ç?£å¥‡è¹Ÿ). Because of the concomitance of its rise with that of several other East Asian economies, that of Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong, Taiwan is known as one of the East Asian Tigers. The Taiwan Miracle may have begun prior to the end of World War II. In 1962 Taiwan had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. But, by 1997 Taiwan's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $19,197, contributing to a Human Development Index similar to that of European countries such as Spain, Portugal, and Greece. According to economist Paul Krugman, the rapid growth was made possible by increases in capital and labor, but not an increase in efficiency. In other words, the savings rate increased, and work hours were both lengthened and many more people, such as women, entered the work force. {{cite web | year=2006| title=Paul Krugman | format=HTML | work=The Myth of Asia's Miracle: A Cautionary Fable | url=http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/myth.html | accessdate=2006-04-02}}

Taiwan's economy today
''Main article: Economy of Taiwan'' Today, Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, the government is Privatization privatizing some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in Gross Domestic Product gross domestic product has averaged about 8 % during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's third largest. Taiwan's current GDP per capita is $27,122, ranking 23rd in the world. The ROC has its own currency: the New Taiwan Dollar. Agriculture constitutes only 2% of GDP, down from 35 % in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are moving steadily offshore, with more capital- and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Taiwan has become a major investor in mainland China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam; around 50,000 Taiwanese businesses are established in mainland China. Taiwan is one of the largest foreign investors in mainland China. Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, consisting of many small and medium sized businesses, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998–1999. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor-intensive industries to mainland China, unemployment also peaked at a level last seen during the 1970s oil crisis. This problem became one of the major issues in the ROC Presidential Election 2004 presidential election of 2004. The unemployment rate eventually declined after the government adopted a few economy-stimulating measures. The ROC has entered international governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization and APEC under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (å?°ç?£ã€?æ¾Žæ¹–ã€?é‡‘é–€å?Šé¦¬ç¥–å€‹åˆ¥é—œç¨…é ˜åŸŸ) in WTO and under the name Chinese Taipei in APEC. Although the PRC objects to having other countries maintain diplomatic or official relations with the ROC, it made no objection to having the ROC maintain economic relations. However, under PRC pressure, the ROC joined governmental organizations under different names. The opening of the Taipei Financial Center, also known as Taipei 101 due to its number of floors, on December 31, 2004, brought more world recognition to Taiwan and Taipei. Taipei 101, equipped with the world's fastest elevators, is the world's tallest building. The surrounding financial district is steadily becoming more recognized in the world market, and a trendy shopping district is rapidly growing around it as well. [http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=olds.taiwan.economic.history]

Culture of Taiwan
''Main article: Culture of Taiwan'' Image:Taiwan bunun dancer.jpg thumb|right|Dancer in traditional aboriginal dress Taiwan's culture is primarily derived from culture of China traditional Chinese culture, with some Japan Japanese and United States of America American influences. Taiwanese aborigine Taiwanese aborigines each also have distinct cultures which are thought to share the common ethnic origins with the Pacific Islanders. Most Taiwanese adhere to a mix of Buddhist/Taoist religions and Confucian teachings. Traditional Chinese holidays such as Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival are celebrated regularly. One especially important deity for Taiwanese people is Matsu (goddess) Matsu, symbolizing the seafaring spirit of Taiwan's ancestors from Fujian and Guangdong. Many Japanese style houses can be found in Taiwan as relics of Japanese colonial rule. Common usage of Japanese words such as "obasan" and almost all Professional baseball in Taiwan baseball terminology can also be seen as lasting Japanese effect on Taiwan. Taiwanese culture also has influenced the West: Bubble tea and milk tea are popular drinks readily available around city centers in Europe, Canada and the United States. Ang Lee is the famous Taiwanese movie director of Brokeback Mountain, Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Eat Drink Man Woman, among other films. Mr. Lee also won the Best Director Academy Award for his directing in the film Brokeback Mountain. About 80 % of the people in Taiwan belong to the Holo ethnic group and speak both Standard Mandarin Mandarin and Taiwanese language Taiwanese. Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools; however, most spoken media is split between Mandarin and Taiwanese. Speaking Taiwanese under the Taiwan localization movement localization movement has become an emblem of expressing Taiwanese identity, and the language has undergone a resurgence since the early 1990s. The Hakka, about 10 % of the population, have a distinct Hakka (linguistics) Hakka language. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. Image:Lungshan temple taipei taiwan.jpg thumb|200px|right|Longshan Temple, Taipei, an example of architecture with southern Chinese influences commonly seen in older buildings in Taiwan. The Taiwanese localization movement continues to be a major driver of Taiwanese culture, as a reaction against both the previous repression by the previously Kuomintang-controlled government and the hostility of the PRC. Thus, identity politics, along with the over 100 years of political separation from mainland China, 50 of which were under Japanese colonial rule, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including Taiwanese cuisine cuisine, Taiwanese opera opera and Music of Taiwan music. One of Taiwan's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain. The Kuomintang government moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1949 when it fled to Taiwan. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1 % is on display at any time. Popular sports in Taiwan include basketball and baseball. Cheerleading performances and pool are also quite fashionable. Less popular, but still common are badminton and golf.

Convenience store culture
Boasting 8,058 convenience stores in an area of 35,980 kmÂ² and a population of 22.9 million, Taiwan has the Asia Pacificâ€™s and perhaps the worldâ€™s highest density of convenience stores per person: one store per 2,800 people or .000357 stores per person. With 3897 7-Eleven stores, Taiwan also has the worldâ€™s highest density of 7-Elevens per person: one store per 6200 people or .000161 stores per person {{cite web | year=2006| title=International Licensing | format=HTML | work=7-Eleven | url=http://www.7-eleven.com/about/globalsites.asp | accessdate=2006-03-06}}. In Taipei, it is not unusual to see two 7-Elevens across the street or several of them within a few hundreds of meters of each other. Because they are found everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of the city parking fee, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week. {{cite journal | author = , American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei | authorlink=http://www.amcham.com.tw | title=Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation | journal=Taiwan Business TOPICS | volume=34 |issue=11| url=http://www.amcham.com.tw/publication_topics_view.php?volume=34&vol_num=11&topics_id=558}} The idea of being able to purchase food items, drink, fast food, magazines, videos, computer games, and so on 24 hours a day and at any corner of a street makes life easier for Taiwanâ€™s extremely busy and rushed population.

Cram school culture
Taiwan, like Japan and South Korea, is well-known for its buxibans (è£œç¿’ç?), often translated as cram school, and literally meaning "make-up class" or "catch-up class" or to learn more advanced classes. Nearly all students attend some sort of buxiban, whether for math, computer skills, English, other foreign languages, or exam preparation (college, graduate school, TOEFL, GRE, etc). This is perpetuated by a meritocracy meritocratic culture that measures merit through testing, with entrance into college, graduate school, and government service decided entirely on testing. This has also led to a remarkable respect for degrees, including Ph.D.s and overseas Western degrees (US and Great Britain). Teaching English has become a big industry in Taiwan, with Taiwan, as part of its project to reinvigorate the Taiwan miracle, aiming to become a trilingual country--fluent in Mandarin, Taiwanese, and English. Many teachers come from English-speaking countries, such as the US, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, and enjoy salaries of about $30,000-$50,000 per year at a low cost-of-living, with opportunities to manage or open one's own school and make several times that amount a year. See also: Teaching English in Taiwan

References

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