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Turkish Language

*** Shopping-Tip: Turkish Language
{{Infobox Language |name=Turkish |nativename=TÃ¼rkÃ§e |familycolor=Altaic |states=Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Greece, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Azerbaijan, Germany |region=Turkey, Cyprus, Balkans, Caucasus |speakers=~60 million native, ~75 million total |rank=19â€“21 (native), in a near tie with Italian language Italian, Urdu |fam1=Altaic languages Altaic |fam2=Turkic languages Turkic |fam3=Southern Turkic or Oghuz Turks Oghuz |fam4=Turkish group |script=Latin alphabet (since 1928) |nation=Turkey, Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (List of unrecognized countries unrecognized state in Cyprus), Bulgaria (national language), Republic of Macedonia (municipal language) |agency=TÃ¼rk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Association) |iso1=tr|iso2=tur (ota for Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Turkish)

|lc1=tur|ld1=Turkish|ll1=none
|lc2=ota|ld2=Ottoman Turkish|ll2=Ottoman Turkish language}}

'''Turkish''' (''TÃ¼rkÃ§e'') is a Turkic languages Turkic language spoken natively in Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and other countries of the former Ottoman Empire, as well as by several million immigrants in the European Union. The number of native speakers is uncertain, primarily due to a lack of minority language data from Turkey. The figure of 60 million used here assumes that Turkish is the mother tongue of 80% of the Turkish population, with Kurdish language Kurdish making up most of the remainder. However, the majority of the linguistic minorities in Turkey are bilingual in Turkish.

There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish and other Oghuz Turks Oghuz languages such as Azerbaijani language Azeri, Turkmen language Turkmen, and Qashqai language Qashqai. If these are counted together as "Turkish", the number of native speakers is 100 million, and the total number including second-language speakers is around 125 million. 



Classification


Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Gagauz language Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish language Khorasani Turkish in addition to Ottoman Turkish language Osmanli Turkish. The Turkish family is a subgroup of the Oghuz Turks Oghuz languages, themselves a subgroup of the Turkic languages, which most linguists believe to be member of an Altaic languages Altaic language family. 

Like Finnish language Finnish and Hungarian language Hungarian, Turkish has vowel harmony, is Agglutinative language agglutinative and has no grammatical gender.  The basic word order is Subject Object Verb.  Turkish has a T-V distinction: second-person plural forms can be used for individuals as a sign of respect.



Geographic distribution


Turkish is spoken in Turkey and by minorities in 35 other countries. 
In particular, Turkish is used in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire, such as Bulgaria, Romania, the former Yugoslavia (specifically in Kosovo and Metohija), the Republic of Macedonia, and Greece. About two million Turkish speaking people live in Germany. 



Official status


Turkish is the official language of Turkey, and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. 
In Turkey, the Turkish Language Foundation (''TÃ¼rk Dil Kurumu'') was founded by Kemal Ataturk Kemal AtatÃ¼rk in 1932 as the ''TÃ¼rk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti'' ("Society for the Investigation of the Turkish Language"), an independent body. The
Turkish Language Foundation was influenced with the ideology that the linguistic purism purity of the language had to be 
preserved by expunging words and grammatical constructions of Persian language Persian and Arabic language Arabic (see below for more on replacing
old words). In August, 1983, when Turkey was under martial law as a result of the military ''coup'' of 1980, the Turkish Language Society was brought under the control of the prime ministry.



Dialects


Dialects of Turkish include Istanbul Turkish (the Standard language "standard" dialect, Ä°stanbul TÃ¼rkÃ§esi), Rumelian (or Rumelice, spoken in Rumelia) , KÄ±brÄ±s (spoken in Cyprus), Edirne (spoken in Edirne), DoÄŸu (spoken in Eastern Turkey), Karadeniz (spoken in the Black Sea region), Ege (spoken in the Aegean Sea Aegean region), Akdeniz (spoken in the Mediterranean region, in the South), and Orta Anadolu (spoken in the Middle Anatolian region).



Sounds


One characteristic feature of Turkish is vowel harmony, meaning that the same word will have either front vowel front or back vowels, but not both. For example, in ''viÅŸne'' "sour cherry" ''i'' is closed unround front and ''e'' is  open unround front.  Stress (linguistics) Stress is usually on the last syllable, with the exception of some suffix combinations and words like ''masa'' ['masa].



Consonants


{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode"
|+caption | Consonants phonemes of Standard Turkish
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Bilabial
! colspan="2" | Labiodental Labio-
labiodental dental
! colspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar consonant Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Postalveolar Post-
Postalveolar alveolar
! colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Glottal
|- align=center
|Plosives
| p
| b
| colspan="2" |
| t
| d
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| c
| {{IPA|ÉŸ}}
| k
| g
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|Nasals
| colspan="2" | m
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | n
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|Fricatives
| colspan="2" |
| f
| v
| s
| z
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|Êƒ}}
| {{IPA|Ê’}}
| colspan="2" |
| 
| {{IPA|É£}}
| h
|
|- align=center
|Affricates
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|Ê§}}
| {{IPA|Ê¤}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|Flap consonant Tap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|É¾}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|Approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | j
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
| Lateral
approximants
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|É«}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | l
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/É£/}} usually referred to as "soft g"(yumuÅŸak g), "ÄŸ" in Turkish orthography, actually represents a rather weak front-velar or palatal approximant between front vowels. It never occurs at the beginning of a word, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.



Vowels


Image:Turkish vowel chart.png Standard Turkish vowels



Writing system


{{seesubarticle|Turkish alphabet}}

Turkish is written using a modified version of the Latin alphabet, which was introduced in 1928 by Kemal AtatÃ¼rk as part of his efforts to modernize Turkey. He ordered the new alphabet to an Armenian named Agop DilaÃ§ar. The family name was given to him by AtatÃ¼rk, which means "language opener". Until 1928, Turkish was written using a modified version of the Arabic alphabet (see Ottoman Turkish language), but use of the Arabic alphabet was outlawed after the Latin alphabet was introduced.

The sounds of the individual letters exhibit few surprises. Other than behaviors that are to be expected, "c" is pronounced like "j" in "jail"; "Ã§" is pronounced like "ch" in "church"; "j" is pronounced like French "j"; "ÅŸ" is pronounced like "sh" in "sheet"; "Ä±" is pronounced like the "a" in "baton" or the "e" in "munificent"; and "ÄŸ" is pronounced like a soft, voiced version of the guttural Scottish "ch" or merely manifested by lengthening the precedent vowel and assimilating any subsequent vowel (''e.g.'', soÄŸuk is pronounced "sew-OOK" or "SOAK") --except for the two highly irregularly spelled verbs dÃ¶ÄŸmek and Ã¶ÄŸmek, where "ÄŸ" is sounded like "v".

The effect of Kemal's introduction of an adapted Roman alphabet was a dramatic increase in literacy from Third World levels to nearly one hundred percent. It is critical to note that, for the first time, Turkish had an alphabet that was actually suited to the sounds of the language: the Arabic alphabet, which was thitherto in use, not only has no vowels (other than the consonants waw and yud, atop which the long 'u' and 'i' sounds, respectively, are occasionally multiplexed, and the alif, which can carry long medial 'a' or any initial vowel) but also lacked several vital consonants. The lack of discrimination among vowels is serviceable in Arabic (which sports few vowel sounds to begin with) but intolerable in Turkish, which features eight fundamental vowel sounds and a host of diphthongs based thereupon.



Grammar


{{seesubarticle|Turkish grammar}}

Turkish has an abundance of suffixes, but no native prefixes (apart from the reduplicating intensifier  prefix as in ''beyaz''="white", ''bembeyaz''="very white", ''sÄ±cak''="hot", ''sÄ±msÄ±cak''="very hot"). One word can have many suffixes.  Suffixes can be used to create new words (see #Vocabulary) or to indicate the grammatical function of a word.

Turkish nouns can take endings indicating the person of a possessor.
They can take case-endings, as in Latin.  (The series of case-endings is the same for every noun, except for spelling changes owing to vowel harmony, and variation between voiced and unvoiced consonants.) "Vowel harmony" is the principle by which a native Turkish word generally incorporates either exclusively back vowels (a, Ä±, o, u) or exclusively front vowels (e, i, Ã¶, Ã¼). A notation such as -den means either -dan or -den, whichever promotes vowel harmony; a notation such as -iniz means either -Ä±nÄ±z, -iniz, -unuz, or -Ã¼nÃ¼z, again with vowel harmony constituting the deciding factor.

Finally, they can take endings that give them a person and make them into sentences:
 ''ev''                           "house",
 ''eviniz''                  "your house",
 ''evinizde''             "at your house",
 ''Evinizdeyiz'' "We are at your house."

 ''Ã¼zÃ¼m''                                "grapes",
 ''Ã¼zÃ¼mÃ¼mÃ¼z''                        "our grapes",
 ''Ã¼zÃ¼mÃ¼mÃ¼zÃ¼''                    "of our grapes",
 ''Ã¼zÃ¼mÃ¼mÃ¼zÃ¼ mÃ¼?''  "were those of our grapes?"
Turkish adjectives as such are not declension declined (though they can generally be used as nouns, in which case they ''are'' declined).  
Used attributively, they precede the nouns they modify.

A unique feature of Turkish and its Altaic brethren is its use of independent particles that express "existent" and "non-existent" and can be conjugated to express tense. Thus, while "var" and "yok" represent "exists" and "not exists," "vardÄ±" and "yoktu" are the preterite of these, while "olacak" and "olmayacak" are the future. These lead to the most bizarre-looking (to a Western reader) sentential structures: ''e.g.'', in order to say, "My cat had no shoes," we form:

 ''kedi + -m + -in ayak + kab(Ä±) + -lar + -Ä± + yok + -tu''
 (''kedimin ayakkabÄ±larÄ± yoktu'')

which literally translates as, "cat-mine-of foot-cover(of)-plural-his non-existent-was."

Turkish verbs exhibit person.  
They can be made negative or impotential; they can also be made potential.
Finally, Turkish verbs exhibit various distinctions of tense, mood, and aspect: a verb can be progressive, necessitative, aorist, future, inferential, present, past, conditional, imperative, or optative.

 ''gel-''                                                           "(to) come",
 ''gelme-''                                                     "not (to) come",
 ''geleme-''                                         "not (to) be able to come",
 ''gelebil-''                                            "(to) be able to come",
 ''GelememiÅŸ''                      "She [or he] was apparently unable to come."
 ''GelememiÅŸti''                                "She had not been able to come."
 ''GelememiÅŸtiniz''                         "You (pl) had not been able to come."
 ''GelememiÅŸ miydiniz?''                           "Have you (pl) not been able to come?"
All Turkish verbs are conjugated the same way, except for the irregular and defective verb ''i-'' (see Turkish copula), which can be used in compound forms:
 ''GelememiÅŸti'' = ''GelememiÅŸ idi'' = ''GelememiÅŸ + i- + -di''

(The shortened form is called an ''enclitic''.) Word order in Turkish is generally Subject Object Verb, as in Japanese (language) Japanese and Latin, but not English language English.
This can be seen in the following sentence from a newspaper (''Cumhuriyet,'' 16 August 2005, p. 1).  The sentence uses all noun cases except the genitive:
 ''TÃ¼rkiye'de modayÄ± gazete sayfalarÄ±na taÅŸÄ±yan,''
 ''gazetemiz yazarlarÄ±ndan N. S. yaÅŸamÄ±nÄ± yitirdi:''

 ''TÃ¼rkiye'de''    "in Turkey"        (locative) 
 ''modayÄ±''        "fashion"          (accusative of ''moda'')
 ''gazete''        "newspaper"        (nominative) 
 ''sayfalarÄ±na''   "to its pages"     (dative; ''sayfa'' "page", 
                                           ''sayfalar'' "pages",
                                           ''sayfalarÄ±'' "its pages")
 ''taÅŸÄ±yan,''      "carrying"         (present participle of ''taÅŸÄ±-'')
 ''gazetemiz''     "our newspaper"    (nominative)''gazete'' "newspaper"
 ''yazarlarÄ±ndan'' "from its writers" (ablative; ''yazar'' "writer")
 ''N. S.''         [person's name]    (nominative)
 ''yaÅŸamÄ±nÄ±''      "her life"         (accusative; ''yaÅŸam'' "life")
 ''yitirdi.''      "lost"             (past tense of ''yitir-'' "lose" 
                                      from ''yit-'' "be lost")

 "One of the writers of our newspaper, N. S., 
  who brought fashion to newspaper pages in Turkey, lost her life."



Vocabulary


{{seesubarticle|Turkish vocabulary}}

Turkish has the resources for building up many new words from old: from nouns:
 ''gÃ¶z''         "eye",
 ''gÃ¶zlÃ¼k''      "eyeglasses"
 ''gÃ¶zlÃ¼kÃ§Ã¼''    "someone who sells glasses"
 ''gÃ¶zlÃ¼kÃ§Ã¼lÃ¼k'' "the business of selling glasses" 
and from verbs:
 ''yat-''      "lie down"
 ''yatÄ±r-''    "lay down [that is, cause to lie down]"
 ''yatÄ±rÄ±m''   "instance of laying down: deposit, investment"
 ''yatÄ±rÄ±mcÄ±'' "depositor, investor".
Turkish vocabulary has gone through drastic changes in the history of the language.  In the last sixty years, Turkish vocabulary has gone through changes that might take three centuries in another language. 



Replaced old words


After the adoption of Islam as
their religion some Arabic language Arabic words (and a small number of Persian language Persian words) were
widely used by the Turks. During the course of over six hundred years of the Ottoman Empire, the official 
language used by the empire was a mix of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. 

After Kemal AtatÃ¼rk AtatÃ¼rk founded the Republic of Turkey, he established the "Turkish Language Foundation" (''TÃ¼rk Dil Kurumu'', ''TDK''), which had an ideologically driven task to "purify" the language by replacing words of Arabic and Persian origin. This was part of a bigger effort to abolish the Arabic script in lieu of the Latin alphabet as part of a Westernization process. By banning the usage of these words in the press, the foundation succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by ''TDK'' are new, ''TDK'' also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries. 

Older and younger people in Turkey tend to express themselves with a different vocabulary due to this sudden change
in the language. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the old Arabic origin words, the younger generations favor using new expressions. Some new words are not used as often as their old counterparts or have failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. There is also a political significance to the old versus new debate in the
Turkish language. Sectors of the population that are more religious also tend to use older words in the press
or daily language. Therefore, the use of the Turkish language is also indicative of adoption/resistance to 
AtatÃ¼rk's reforms which took place more than 70 years ago. In the last 20 years the "Turkish Language Foundation coined such words that they obviously seem and sound as "invented". Some of them are said to derive from old Turkic words, which are actually non existent. 

Among some of the old words that were replaced are terms in geometry, directions (north, south, east, west), some of the months and many nouns and adjectives. Many new words have also been derived from verbs. Some examples of new and their old counterparts are:

{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | Old word      
! align=left | New Turkish word     
! align=left | English meaning     
! align=left | Remarks
|- valign=top
|-
|mÃ¼selles || ''Ã¼Ã§gen'' || triangle || derived from the noun ''Ã¼Ã§'', which means "three"
|-
|tayyare || ''uÃ§ak'' || airplane || derived from the verb ''uÃ§mak'', which means "to fly"
|-
|nispet || ''oran'' || ratio || the old word is still used in the language today together with the new one
|-
|ÅŸimal || ''kuzey'' || north
|-
|TeÅŸrini-evvel || ''Ekim'' || October
|}

''Please see List of replaced loan words in Turkish for an extensive list of replaced old words and current loan words''



The language in daily life


Turkish has many formulaic expressions for various social situations.  Several of them feature Arabic verbal nouns together with the Turkish verb ''et-'' ("make, do").
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! literal translation !! meaning (if different)
|-
| ''Merhaba'' || Welcome (Arabic) || Hello || 
|-
| ''Alo'' || Hello (from French "allÃ´") || (on the telephone: Are you still there?)
|-
| ''Efendim'' || My lord||1. Hello (answering the telephone; 2. Sir/Madam (a polite way to address any person, male or female, married or single); 3. Excuse me, could you say that again?
|-
| ''GÃ¼naydÄ±n'' || [The] day [is] bright || Good morning
|-
| ''Ä°yi gÃ¼nler'' || Good days || Good day
|-
| ''Ä°yi akÅŸamlar'' || Good evenings || Good evening
|-
| ''Ä°yi geceler'' || Good nights || Good night
|-
| ''Evet'' || Yes || 
|-
| ''HayÄ±r'' || No ||
|-
| ''Belki'' || Maybe || 
|-
| ''HoÅŸ geldiniz'' || You came well || Welcome
|-
| ''HoÅŸ bulduk'' || We found [it] well || We are (or I am) glad to be here
|-
| ''NasÄ±lsÄ±n?'' || How are you (''sing.'')? || How are you? (familiar)
|-
| ''NasÄ±lsÄ±nÄ±z?'' || How are you (''pl.'')? || How are you? (respectful, or plural)
|-
| ''Ä°yiyim; siz nasÄ±lsÄ±nÄ±z?'' || I'm fine; how are you? || 
|-
| ''Ben de iyiyim'' || I too am fine || I am fine too
|-
| ''Affedersiniz'' || You make [a] forgiving || Excuse me
|-
| ''LÃ¼tfen'' || Please || 
|-
| ''TeÅŸekkÃ¼r ederim'' || I make [a] thanking || Thank you
|-
| ''Bir ÅŸey deÄŸil'' || It is nothing || You're welcome
|-
| ''Rica ederim'' || I make [a] requesting || Don't mention it; You're welcome; Don't say such bad things of yourself; Don't say such good things of me
|-
| ''EstaÄŸfurullah'' || I seek God's forgiveness (common Muslim prayer) || (similar to ''rica ederim'')
|-
|''GeÃ§miÅŸ olsun'' || May [it] be passed || Get well soon (said to somebody in any kind of difficulty, not just sickness; or to somebody who has just come through difficulty)
|-
| ''BaÅŸÄ±nÄ±z saÄŸ olsun'' || May your head be healthy || My Condolences (said to somebody in mourning)
|-
| ''Elinize saÄŸlÄ±k'' || Health to your hand || (said to praise the person that made this delicious food or other good thing)
|-
| ''Afiyet olsun'' || May [it] be healthy || ''bon appÃ©tit'' (good appetite)
|-
| ''Kolay gelsin'' || May [it] come easy || (said to somebody working)
|-
| ''GÃ¼le gÃ¼le kullanÄ±n'' || Use [it] smiling || (said to somebody with a new possession)
|-
| ''SÄ±hhatler olsun'' || May [it] be healthy || (said to somebody who has bathed or had a shave or haircut)
|-
| ''HoÅŸÃ§akal(Ä±n)'' || Stay nice || "So long" or "Cheerio" (said to the person staying behind)
|-
| ''GÃ¼le gÃ¼le'' || [Go] smiling || Good bye (said to somebody departing)
|-
| ''Allah'a Ä±smarladÄ±k'' || We commended [you] to God || Good bye [said to the person staying behind(for a long time)] or ''Adieu'' in French
|}
A famous quotation and motto of Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk: 
*''Yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh'' "Peace at home, peace in the world." 
In the current language, this is
*''Yurtta barÄ±ÅŸ, dÃ¼nyada barÄ±ÅŸ.''



References


*{{cite book| title= Turkish Grammar| author=Geoffrey Lewis|publisher=Oxford University Press|
     year=2001|id= ISBN 0198700369}}
*{{cite book | author= İsmet Zeki EyuboÄŸlu | title = TÃ¼rk Dilinin Etimoloji SÃ¶zlÃ¼ÄŸÃ¼ [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] | publisher = Sosyal YayÄ±nlarÄ±, Ä°stanbul | year= 1991 | id= ISBN 9757384722}}
*{{cite book | author=Sevgi Ã–zel, Haldun Ã–zel, and Ali PÃ¼skÃ¼llÃ¼oÄŸlu, eds. | title=AtatÃ¼rk'Ã¼n TÃ¼rk Dil Kurumu ve SonrasÄ± [Ataturk's Turkish Language Society and After] | publisher =Bilgi YayÄ±nevi, Ankara | year=1986 }}
*{{ cite book | title = ArkadaÅŸ TÃ¼rkÃ§e SÃ¶zlÃ¼k [ArkadaÅŸ Turkish Dictionary] | author = Ali PÃ¼skÃ¼llÃ¼oÄŸlu | publisher = ArkadaÅŸ YayÄ±nevi, Ankara | year= 2004 | id= ISBN 975-509-053-3}}
*{{cite book| title= The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|
     author= Geoffrey Lewis| publisher= Oxford University Press| year= 2002| id= ISBN 0199256691 }}



See also


* Turkish Swadesh list Swadesh list of Turkish words



External links


{{InterWiki|code=tr}}
{{Wikibookspar||Turkish}}

- '''Turkish Phrase Book'''

- A discussion list for the learners of Turkish

-  Online English Turkish Dictionary with 1,500,000 words and idioms

- Langtolang Turkish, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish, Esperanto, Swahili, Serbo_Croat Multilingual Dictionary

- Turkish-English and English-Turkish Online Dictionary

- Turkish to Turkish Dictionary.

- Turkish to Turkish Sign Language (TID) Visual Dictionary

- Learn Turkish language online.

- All free Turkish dictionaries

- Ethnologue report for Turkish

- onlineturkish.com

- Free online Turkish course written in German 

- Dictionary with Turkish - English Translations from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition

- Online Turkish-English/English-Turkish dictionary

- Turkish - English Dictionary

- A comprehensive and accurate Turkish-(English/French/Italian/and various other languages) dictionary

-  Texas Tech University, Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative

- An Information site in Turkish Language

- WinMekMak - Turkish Verb Conjugator

- The best site for learning Turkish with detailed explanations

- Turkish dictionary available for use in various forms

- Let's try to learn Hungarian(Magyar) and Turkish!

- Learning Turkish

Category:Agglutinative languages
Category:Languages of Cyprus
Category:Languages of the Republic of Macedonia
Category:Languages of Turkey
Category:Turkic languages
Category:Turkish language  
Category:Vowel harmony languages

ast:Turcu
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br:Turkeg
bg:Ð¢ÑƒÑ€Ñ?ÐºÐ¸ ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ðº
ba:Ð¢Ó©Ñ€Ó©Ðº Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ
bs:Turski jezik
ca:Turc
cv:Ð¢ÑƒÑ€ÐºÐºÄƒ Ñ‡Ä•Ð»Ñ…Ð¸
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cy:Tyrceg
da:Tyrkisk (sprog)
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eo:Turka lingvo
fa:Ø²Ø¨Ø§Ù† ØªØ±Ú©ÛŒ Ø§Ø³ØªØ§Ù†Ø¨ÙˆÙ„ÛŒ
fr:Turc
ko:í„°í‚¤ì–´
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it:Lingua turca
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pl:JÄ™zyk turecki
pt:LÃngua turca
ru:Ð¢ÑƒÑ€ÐµÑ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ñ?Ð·Ñ‹Ðº
sv:Turkiska
tt:TÃ¶rek tele
th:à¸ à¸²à¸©à¸²à¸•à¸¸à¸£à¸?à¸µ
tr:TÃ¼rkÃ§e
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zh:åœŸè€³å…¶è¯

Main article: Turkish language

Category:Turkic languages

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see  Turkish language






*** Shopping-Tip: Turkish Language