Dictionary of Meaning
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X-SAMPA
*** Shopping-Tip: X-SAMPA
The '''Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA)''' is a variant of
SAMPA developed in
1995 by
John C. Wells, professor of
phonetics at the
University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the
International Phonetic Alphabet.
The result is a SAMPA-inspired recasting of the IPA into 7-bit
ASCII.
Summary
Notes
* The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower-case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
* X-SAMPA uses a following backslash as an escape character to create a new symbol. For example '''
O''' is a distinct sound from '''
O\''', to which it bears no relation. (Note that it is a convention among some
Conlang conlangers to use an asterisk (e.g., '''
O*''') instead of backslash).
* X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for '''
~''' for
nasalization, '''
=''' for
syllabicity, and '''
`''' for
retroflexion and
r-colored vowel rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character '''
_'''.
* The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
* The numbers
_1 to
_6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
Lowercase symbols
{| class="wikitable"
! XS !! IPA !! IPA !! Description !! Examples
|-
|
a || {{IPA|a}} ||
Image:Xsampa-a.png ||
open front unrounded vowel || French d'''a'''me [
dam], Spanish p'''a'''dre [
"paD4e]
|-
|
b || {{IPA|b}} ||
Image:Xsampa-b.png ||
voiced bilabial plosive || English '''b'''ed [
bEd], French '''b'''on [
bO~]
|-
|
b_< || {{IPA|ɓ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-b lessthan.png ||
voiced bilabial implosive ||
|-
|
c || {{IPA|c}} ||
Image:Xsampa-c.png ||
voiceless palatal plosive || Hungarian la'''ty'''ak [
"lAcAk]
|-
|
d || {{IPA|d}} ||
Image:Xsampa-d.png ||
voiced alveolar plosive || English '''d'''ig [
dIg], French '''d'''oigt [
dwa]
|-
|
d` || {{IPA|ɖ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-d'.png ||
voiced retroflex plosive || Swedish ho'''rd''' [
hu:d`]
|-
|
d_< || {{IPA|ɗ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-d lessthan.png ||
voiced alveolar implosive ||
|-
|
e || {{IPA|e}} ||
Image:Xsampa-e.png ||
close-mid front unrounded vowel || French s'''e'''s [
se]
|-
|
f || {{IPA|f}} ||
Image:Xsampa-f2.png ||
voiceless labiodental fricative || English '''f'''ive [
faIv], French '''f'''emme [
fam]
|-
|
g || {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-g.png ||
voiced velar plosive || English '''g'''ame [
geIm], French lon'''gu'''e [
lO~g]
|-
|
g_< || {{IPA|ɠ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-g lessthan.png ||
voiced velar implosive ||
|-
|
h || {{IPA|h}} ||
Image:Xsampa-h.png ||
voiceless glottal fricative || English '''h'''ouse [
haUs]
|-
|
h\ || {{IPA|ɦ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-hslash.png ||
voiced glottal fricative ||
|-
|
i || {{IPA|i}} ||
Image:Xsampa-i.png ||
close front unrounded vowel || English b'''e''' [
bi:], French ou'''i''' [
wi], Spanish s'''i''' [
si]
|-
|
j || {{IPA|j}} ||
Image:Xsampa-j2.png ||
palatal approximant || English '''y'''es [
jEs], French '''y'''eux [
j2]
|-
|
j\ || {{IPA|ʝ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-jslash2.png ||
voiced palatal fricative || Greek '''γ'''ειά [
j\a]
|-
|
k || {{IPA|k}} ||
Image:Xsampa-k.png ||
voiceless velar plosive || English '''c'''at [
k{t], Spanish '''c'''arro [
"kar:o]
|-
|
l || {{IPA|l}} ||
Image:Xsampa-l.png ||
alveolar lateral approximant || English '''l'''ay [
leI], French ma'''l''' [
mal]
|-
|
l` || {{IPA|ɭ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-l'.png ||
retroflex lateral approximant || Svealand Swedish so'''rl''' [
so:l`]
|-
|
l\ || {{IPA|ɺ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-lslash.png ||
alveolar lateral flap || Japanese phoneme
/r/
|-
|
m || {{IPA|m}} ||
Image:Xsampa-m.png ||
bilabial nasal || English '''m'''ouse [
maUs], French ho'''mm'''e [
Om]
|-
|
n || {{IPA|n}} ||
Image:Xsampa-n.png ||
alveolar nasal || English '''n'''ap [
n{p], French '''n'''on [
nO~]
|-
|
n` || {{IPA|ɳ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-n'.png ||
retroflex nasal || Swedish hö'''rn''' [
h2:n`]
|-
|
o || {{IPA|o}} ||
Image:Xsampa-o.png ||
close-mid back rounded vowel || French gr'''o'''s [
gRo]
|-
|
p || {{IPA|p}} ||
Image:Xsampa-p.png ||
voiceless bilabial plosive || English lea'''p''' [
li:p], French '''p'''ose [
poz], Spanish '''p'''erro [
"per:o]
|-
|
p\ || {{IPA|ɸ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-pslash.png ||
voiceless bilabial fricative || Japanese '''f'''uku [
p\M_0kM]
|-
|
q || {{IPA|q}} ||
Image:Xsampa-q.png ||
voiceless uvular plosive || Arabic '''q'''asbah [
"qQs_Gba]
|-
|
r || {{IPA|r}} ||
Image:Xsampa-r.png ||
alveolar trill || Spanish pe'''rr'''o [
"per:o]
|-
|
r` || {{IPA|ɽ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-r'.png ||
retroflex flap ||
|-
|
r\ || {{IPA|ɹ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-rslash2.png ||
alveolar approximant || English '''r'''ed [
r\Ed]
|-
|
r\` || {{IPA|ɻ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-rslash'.png ||
retroflex approximant ||
|-
|
s || {{IPA|s}} ||
Image:Xsampa-s.png ||
voiceless alveolar fricative || English '''s'''eem [
si:m], French '''s'''e'''ss'''ion [
se"sjO~]
|-
|
s` || {{IPA|ʂ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-s'.png ||
voiceless retroflex fricative || Swedish ma'''rs''' [
mas`]
|-
|
s\ || {{IPA|ɕ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-sslash.png ||
voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative || Polish '''ś'''wierszcz [
s\v'ErStS]
|-
|
t || {{IPA|t}} ||
Image:Xsampa-t.png ||
voiceless alveolar plosive || English '''t'''oo [
tu:], French ra'''t'''é [
Ra"te], Spanish '''t'''uyo [
"tujo]
|-
|
t` || {{IPA|ʈ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-t'.png ||
voiceless retroflex plosive || Swedish mö'''rt''' [
m2t`]
|-
|
u || {{IPA|u}} ||
Image:Xsampa-u.png ||
close back rounded vowel || English b'''oo'''m [
bu:m], Spanish s'''u''' [
su]
|-
|
v || {{IPA|v}} ||
Image:Xsampa-v.png ||
voiced labiodental fricative || English '''v'''est [
vEst], French '''v'''oix [
vwa]
|-
|
v\ (or
P) || {{IPA|ʋ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png ||
labiodental approximant || Dutch '''w'''est [
v\Est]/[
PEst]
|-
|
w || {{IPA|w}} ||
Image:Xsampa-w2.png ||
labial-velar approximant || English '''w'''est [
wEst], French '''ou'''i [
wi]
|-
|
x || {{IPA|x}} ||
Image:Xsampa-x.png ||
voiceless velar fricative || Scots lo'''ch''' [
lQx]
|-
|
x\ || {{IPA|ɧ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-xslash2.png ||
voiceless palatal-velar fricative || Swedish '''sj'''al [
x\A:l]
|-
|
y || {{IPA|y}} ||
Image:Xsampa-y.png ||
close front rounded vowel || French t'''u''' [
ty] German '''ü'''ber [
"y:b6]
|-
|
z || {{IPA|z}} ||
Image:Xsampa-z.png ||
voiced alveolar fricative || English '''z'''oo [
zu:], French a'''z'''ote [
a"zOt]
|-
|
z` || {{IPA|ʐ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-z'.png ||
voiced retroflex fricative ||
|-
|
z\ || {{IPA|ʑ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-zslash.png ||
voiced alveolo-palatal fricative || Polish '''ź'''rebak [
"z\rEbak]
|}
Uppercase symbols
{| class="wikitable"
! XS !! IPA !! IPA !! Description !! Example
|-
|
A || {{IPA|ɑ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-A2.png ||
open back unrounded vowel || English f'''a'''ther [
"fA:D@(
r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
|-
|
B || {{IPA|β}} ||
Image:Xsampa-B2.png ||
voiced bilabial fricative || Spanish la'''v'''ar [
la"Ba4]
|-
|
B\ || {{IPA|ʙ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Bslash.png ||
bilabial trill || Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
|-
|
C || {{IPA|ç}} ||
Image:Xsampa-C2.png ||
voiceless palatal fricative || German i'''ch''' [
IC], English '''h'''uman [
"Cum@n] (broad transcription uses [
hj-])
|-
|
D || {{IPA|ð}} ||
Image:Xsampa-D2.png ||
voiced dental fricative || English '''th'''en [
DEn]
|-
|
E || {{IPA|ɛ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-E2.png ||
open-mid front unrounded vowel || French m'''ê'''me [
mEm], English m'''e'''t [
mEt]
|-
|
F || {{IPA|ɱ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-F.png ||
labiodental nasal || English e'''m'''phasis [
"EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [
Emf-])
|-
|
G || {{IPA|ɣ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-G2.png ||
voiced velar fricative || Greek '''γ'''ωνία [
Go"nia], Danish væl'''g'''e [
"vElG@]
|-
|
G\ || {{IPA|ɢ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Gslash.png ||
voiced uvular plosive ||
|-
|
G\_< || {{IPA|ʛ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png ||
voiced uvular implosive ||
|-
|
H || {{IPA|ɥ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-H.png ||
labial-palatal approximant || French h'''u'''it [
Hi]
|-
|
H\ || {{IPA|ʜ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Hslash.png ||
voiceless epiglottal fricative ||
|-
|
I || {{IPA|ɪ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-I2.png ||
near-close near-front unrounded vowel || English k'''i'''t [
kIt]
|-
|
I\ || {{IPA|Ɨ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Islash.png || central lax close unrounded vowel, ''not in IPA'' ||
|-
|
J || {{IPA|ɲ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-J.png ||
palatal nasal || Spanish a'''ñ'''o [
"aJo], English ca'''ny'''on [
"k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-
nj-])
|-
|
J\ || {{IPA|ɟ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Jslash.png ||
voiced palatal plosive || Hungarian e'''gy''' [
EJ\]
|-
|
J\_< || {{IPA|ʄ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Jslash lessthan.png ||
voiced palatal implosive ||
|-
|
K || {{IPA|ɬ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-K2.png ||
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative || Welsh '''ll'''aw [
KaU_^]
|-
|
K\ || {{IPA|ɮ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Kslash.png ||
voiced alveolar lateral fricative ||
|-
|
L || {{IPA|ʎ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-L2.png ||
palatal lateral approximant || Italian fami'''gli'''a [
fa"miLa], Castilian '''ll'''amar [
La"mar], English mi'''lli'''on [
"mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-
lj-])
|-
|
L\ || {{IPA|ʟ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Lslash.png ||
velar lateral approximant || English phoneme
/5/
|-
|
M || {{IPA|ɯ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-M.png ||
close back unrounded vowel || Korean '''으''' (eu)
|-
|
M\ || {{IPA|ɰ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Mslash.png ||
velar approximant || Spanish fue'''g'''o [
"fweM\o]
|-
|
N || {{IPA|ŋ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-N2.png ||
velar nasal || English thi'''ng''' [
TIN]
|-
|
N\ || {{IPA|ɴ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Nslash.png ||
uvular nasal || Japanese sa'''n''' [
saN\]
|-
|
O || {{IPA|ɔ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-O2.png ||
open-mid back rounded vowel || British English th'''ou'''ght [
TO:t], American English '''o'''ff [
O:f]
|-
|
O\ || {{IPA|ʘ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Oslash.png ||
bilabial click ||
|-
|
P (or
v\) || {{IPA|ʋ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png ||
labiodental approximant || Dutch '''w'''est [
PEst]/[
v\Est], allophone of English phoneme
/r\/
|-
|
Q || {{IPA|ɒ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Q.png ||
open back rounded vowel || British English l'''o'''t [
lQt]
|-
|
R || {{IPA|ʁ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-R2.png ||
voiced uvular fricative || French '''r'''oi [
Rwa]
|-
|
R\ || {{IPA|ʀ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Rslash.png ||
uvular trill || German phoneme
/r/
|-
|
S || {{IPA|ʃ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-S2.png ||
voiceless postalveolar fricative || English '''sh'''ip [
SIp]
|-
|
T || {{IPA|θ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-T2.png ||
voiceless dental fricative || English '''th'''in [
TIn]
|-
|
U || {{IPA|ʊ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-U2.png ||
near-close near-back rounded vowel || English f'''oo'''t [
fUt]
|-
|
U\ || {{IPA|ʊ̵}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Uslash.png || central lax close rounded vowel, ''not in IPA'' ||
|-
|
V || {{IPA|ʌ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-V.png ||
open-mid back unrounded vowel || English str'''u'''t [
str\Vt]
|-
|
W || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-X.png ||
voiceless labial-velar fricative || Scots '''wh'''en [
WEn]
|-
|
X || {{IPA|χ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-x2.png ||
voiceless uvular fricative || Welsh ba'''ch''' [
baX]
|-
|
X\ || {{IPA|ħ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Xslash.png ||
voiceless pharyngeal fricative || Arabic '''h'''a’ [
X\?]
|-
|
Y || {{IPA|ʏ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Y2.png ||
near-close near-front rounded vowel || German h'''ü'''bsch [
hYpS]
|-
|
Z || {{IPA|ʒ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-Z2.png ||
voiced postalveolar fricative || English vi'''s'''ion [
"vIZ@n]
|}
Other symbols
{| class="wikitable"
! XS !! IPA !! IPA !! Description !! Example
|-
|
. || {{IPA|.}} ||
Image:Xsampa-fullstop.png || syllable break ||
|-
|
" || {{IPA|ˈ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-doublequotes.png .html">lexical stress
stress ||
|-
|
% || {{IPA|ˌ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-percentage.png || secondary stress ||
|-
|
' (or
_j) || {{IPA|ʲ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-'or j.png .html">palatalization
palatalized ||
|-
|
: || {{IPA|ː}} ||
Image:Xsampa-colon.png || long ||
|-
|
:\ || {{IPA|ˑ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-colonslash.png || half long || Estonian differentiates three
vowel lengths
|-
|
- || {{IPA| }} || || separator ||
|-
|
@ || {{IPA|ə}} ||
Image:Xsampa-at.png ||
schwa || English '''a'''ren'''a''' [
@"r`i:n@]
|-
|
@\ || {{IPA|ɘ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-atslash.png ||
close-mid central unrounded vowel ||
|-
|
{ || {{IPA|æ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-leftcurly.png ||
near-open front unrounded vowel || English tr'''a'''p [
tr\{p]
|-
|
} || {{IPA|ʉ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-rightcurly.png ||
close central rounded vowel || Swedish sj'''u''' [
x\}:]
|-
|
1 || {{IPA|ɨ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-1.png ||
close central unrounded vowel || Welsh t'''u''' [
t1], American English ros'''e''''s [
"r\oUz1z]
|-
|
2 || {{IPA|ø}} ||
Image:Xsampa-2.png ||
close-mid front rounded vowel || Danish købe [
"k2:b@], French d'''eu'''x [
d2]
|-
|
3 || {{IPA|ɜ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-3.png ||
open-mid central unrounded vowel || English n'''ur'''se [
n3:s] (RP) or [
n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
|-
|
3\ || {{IPA|ɞ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-3slash.png ||
open-mid central rounded vowel ||
|-
|
4 || {{IPA|ɾ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-4.png ||
alveolar flap || Spanish pe'''r'''o [
"pe4o], American English be'''tt'''er [
"bE4@`]
|-
|
5 || {{IPA|ɫ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-l_eor5.png .html">velarized alveolar lateral approximant
velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see
_e || English mi'''l'''k [
mI5k]
|-
|
6 || {{IPA|ɐ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-6.png ||
near-open central vowel || German bess'''er''' [
"bEs6], Australian English m'''u'''d [
m6d]
|-
|
7 || {{IPA|ɤ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-7.png ||
close-mid back unrounded vowel || Estonian k'''õ'''ik [
k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese
|-
|
8 || {{IPA|ɵ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-8.png ||
close-mid central rounded vowel || Swedish b'''u'''ss [
b8s]
|-
|
9 || {{IPA|œ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-9.png ||
open-mid front rounded vowel || French n'''eu'''f [
n9f], Danish dr'''ø'''mme [
dR9m@]
|-
|
& || {{IPA|ɶ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-amper.png ||
open front rounded vowel ||
|-
|
? || {{IPA|ʔ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-questionmark.png ||
glottal stop || Danish stø'''d''' [
sd2?], Cockney English bo'''tt'''le [
"bQ?l]
|-
|
?\ || {{IPA|ʕ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-qmarkslash.png ||
voiced pharyngeal fricative || Arabic '''‘'''ayn
|-
|
* || {{IPA| }} || || undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor", used by some
Conlang conlangers instead of
\ ||
|-
|
/ || {{IPA| }} || || indeterminacy in French vowels ||
|-
|
< || {{IPA| }} || || begin nonsegmental notation (e.g.,
SAMPROSA) ||
|-
|
<\ || {{IPA|ʢ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-lessthanslash.png ||
voiced epiglottal fricative ||
|-
|
> || {{IPA| }} || || end nonsegmental notation ||
|-
|
>\ || {{IPA|ʡ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png ||
epiglottal plosive ||
|-
|
^ || {{IPA|↑}} ||
Image:Xsampa-hat.png || upstep ||
|-
|
! || {{IPA|↓}} ||
Image:Xsampa-exclamation.png || downstep ||
|-
|
!\ || {{IPA|ǃ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-exclamationslash.png ||
postalveolar click ||
|-
|
| || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-bar.png || minor (foot) group ||
|-
|
|\ || {{IPA|ǀ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-barslash.png ||
dental click ||
|-
|
|| || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-doublebar.png || major (intonation) group ||
|-
|
|\|\ || {{IPA|ǁ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-doublebarslash.png ||
lateral alveolar click ||
|-
|
=\ || {{IPA|ǂ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-equalsslash.png ||
palatal click ||
|-
|
-\ || {{IPA|̮}} ||
Image:Xsampa-dashslash.png || linking mark ||
|}
Diacritics
{| class="wikitable"
! XS !! IPA !! IPA !! Description
|-
|
_" || {{IPA| ̈}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_doublequotes.png || centralized
|-
|
_+ || {{IPA| ̟}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_plus.png || advanced
|-
|
_- || {{IPA| ̠}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_minus.png || retracted
|-
|
_/ || {{IPA|ˇ}} || || rising tone
|-
|
_0 || {{IPA| ̥}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_0.png .html">voiceless consonant
voiceless
|-
|
_< || {{IPA| }} || ||
implosive consonant implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
|-
|
= (or
_=) || {{IPA| ̩}} ||
Image:Xsampa-equalsor_equals.png || syllabic
|-
|
_> || {{IPA|ʼ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_greaterthan.png .html">glottalic consonant
ejective
|-
|
_?\ || {{IPA|ˤ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_questionslash.png .html">pharyngealisation
pharyngealized
|-
|
_\ || {{IPA|ˆ}} || || falling tone
|-
|
_^ || {{IPA| ̯}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_hat.png || non-syllabic
|-
|
_} || {{IPA| ̚}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_rightcurly.png .html">Unreleased stop
no audible release
|-
|
` || {{IPA|˞}} ||
Image:Xsampa-'rhino.png .html">r-colored vowel
rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see
t` for an example)
|-
|
~ (or
_~) || {{IPA| ̃}} ||
Image:Xsampa-tildor tild.png ||
nasalization
|-
|
_A || {{IPA| ̘}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_A.png || advanced tongue root
|-
|
_a || {{IPA| ̺}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_a2.png ||
apical
|-
|
_B || {{IPA| ̏}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_B.png || extra low tone
|-
|
_B_L || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-_B_L.png || low rising tone
|-
|
_c || {{IPA| ̜}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_c.png || less rounded
|-
|
_d || {{IPA| ̪}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_d.png .html">dental consonant
dental
|-
|
_e || {{IPA| ̴}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_e.png || velarized or pharyngealized; also see
5
|-
|
<F> || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-ltFgt.png || global fall
|-
|
_F || {{IPA| ̂}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_F.png || falling tone
|-
|
_G || {{IPA|ˠ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_G.png .html">velarization
velarized
|-
|
_H || {{IPA| ́}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_H.png || high tone
|-
|
_H_T || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-_H_T.png || high rising tone
|-
|
_h || {{IPA|ʰ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_h.png .html">aspiration (phonetics)
aspirated
|-
|
_j (or
') || {{IPA|ʲ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-'or_j.png .html">palatalization
palatalized
|-
|
_k || {{IPA| ̰}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_k.png ||
creaky voice
|-
|
_L || {{IPA| ̀}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_L.png || low tone
|-
|
_l || {{IPA|ˡ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_l.png || lateral release
|-
|
_M || {{IPA| ̄}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_M.png || mid tone
|-
|
_m || {{IPA| ̻}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_m.png .html">laminal consonant
laminal
|-
|
_N || {{IPA| ̼}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_N.png .html">linguolabial consonant
linguolabial
|-
|
_n || {{IPA|ⁿ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_n2.png || nasal release
|-
|
_O || {{IPA| ̹}} ||
Image:Xsampa_O.png || more rounded
|-
|
_o || {{IPA| ̞}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_o.png || lowered
|-
|
_q || {{IPA| ̙}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_q.png || retracted tongue root
|-
|
<R> || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-ltRgt.png || global rise
|-
|
_R || {{IPA| ̌}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_R.png || rising tone
|-
|
_R_F || {{IPA| }} ||
Image:Xsampa-_R_F.png || rising falling tone
|-
|
_r || {{IPA| ̝}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_r.png || raised
|-
|
_T || {{IPA| ̋}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_T.png || extra high tone
|-
|
_t || {{IPA| ̤}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_t.png ||
breathy voice
|-
|
_v || {{IPA| ̬}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_v.png .html">voiced consonant
voiced
|-
|
_w || {{IPA|ʷ}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_w.png .html">labialisation
labialized
|-
|
_X || {{IPA| ̆}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_X.png || extra-short
|-
|
_x || {{IPA| ̽}} ||
Image:Xsampa-_x.png || mid-centralized
|}
See also
*
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
*
International Phonetic Alphabet for English
*
SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
*
SAMPA chart for English
*
Kirshenbaum, a similar system.
*
List of phonetics topics
External links
-
Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA
-
X-SAMPA to IPA comparison chart
-
Online converter between IPA and X-Sampa
Category:Phonetic alphabets
Category:Encodings
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zh:X-SAMPA
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