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Football (Soccer)
*** Shopping-Tip: Football (Soccer)
:''Soccer redirects here. For other uses, see
soccer (disambiguation).''
Image:football_iu_1996.jpg thumb|300px|right|The striker (wearing the red shirt) has run past the defender (in the white shirt) and is about to take a shot at the goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to attempt to stop the ball.
'''Association football''', '''soccer''' or simply '''football''' is a
team sport played between two teams consisting of eleven players each. It is a ball game played on a rectangular grass field with a
goal (sport) goal at each end. The objective of the game is to score by maneuvering the ball into the opposing goal. Other than the
goalkeepers, players may not use their hands or arms to propel the ball in general play. The winner is the team which has scored most goals at the end of the match. Generally, the game involves passing between players, which is a skill coaches try to hone.
The sport is known by
football (soccer) names many names throughout the
English language English-speaking world, although football is the most common. Other names, such as association football and soccer, are often used to distinguish the game from
football other codes of football, since
football (word) the word ''football'' may be used to refer to several quite different games.
Football is played at a professional level all over the world, and millions of people regularly go to football
stadium stadia to follow their favourite team, whilst billions more avidly watch the game on television. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level.
According to a survey conducted by
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), football's governing body, published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million people regularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of the world. Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity. In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual
Fan (aficionado) fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular
sport in the world. Because of this it is often dubbed as the '''World's Favourite Pastime'''.
Nature of the game
Image:Soccer goalkeeper.jpg thumb|250px|A goalkeeper dives to stop the ball from entering his goal.
The game is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the
Laws of the Game, which are summarised below.
Two teams of eleven players each compete to get a round ball (itself known as a ''
football (ball) football'') into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team which has scored the most goals at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teams have an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. The primary rule for this objective is that players, other than the goalkeepers, may not ''intentionally'' touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a
throw-in restart). Although players mainly use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.
The physical contact between players is restricted, see
#Fouls and misconduct Fouls and misconduct for details.
In typical game play, players attempt to move towards a goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running with the ball close to their feet); by passing the ball from team-mate to team-mate; and by taking shots at the goal. Opposition players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball.
Football is generally a free-flowing game with the ball in play at all times except when the ball has left the field of play by wholly crossing over a boundary line (either on the ground or in the air), or play has been stopped by the referee. When play has been stopped, it recommences with a specified restart (see below).
At a professional level, usually a few goals are scored during a match. For example, during
FA Premier League 2004-05 2004-05 season of the
FA Premier League, an average of 2.57 goals per match were scored, and 88% of the matches ended up with not more than four goals scored. However, only 8% of the matches finished goal-less.
Tactics
{{Further|
Football (soccer) positions Football positions and
Formation (football) Formation}}
The Laws of the Game don't specify any player positions other than goalkeeper. However, during the development of the game a number of specific
football positions player specialisations have evolved. They include:
*
defender (football) defenders - players who specialise in the prevention of scoring by opponents,
*
midfielders - players who develop the team's attacks and provide strikers with passes, but also help their defenders by disrupting opposition attacks at an early stage,
*
strikers - players whose main task is to score goals.
These positions are further differentiated by the side of the field that the player spends most time in. For example, there are central defenders and left midfielders.
Players may spend most part of the game in a specific part of the field; however, they are not restricted by the Laws of the Game and can switch positions at any time. This even applies to goalkeepers, who usually spend most of the game near their goal but can participate in their team's open play, this usually only happens at free kicks or corner kicks.
The layout of the players on the pitch is called
formation (football) formation. The formations popular in modern football include
formation (football)#4-4-2 4-4-2,
formation (football)#3-5-2 3-5-2 and
formation (football)#4-5-1 4-5-1.
Defining a team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of a
coach (sport) coach.
The Laws of the Game
History and development
{{seealso|Football}}
The ''Laws of the Game'' are based on efforts made in the mid-
19th century to standardise the rules of the widely varying games of football played at the
Independent school (UK) independent schools of
England. The
The Cambridge Rules first set of rules resembling the modern game were produced at
Trinity College, Cambridge in
1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from
Eton College Eton,
Harrow School Harrow,
Rugby School Rugby,
Winchester College Winchester and
Shrewsbury School Shrewsbury, but they were far from universally adopted. During the
1850s, many clubs were formed, throughout the English-speaking world, independent of schools or universities, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the
Sheffield F.C. Sheffield Football Club (formed by former pupils from
Harrow School Harrow) in
1857, which led to formation of a
Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association Sheffield FA in 1867. In
1862,
J. C. Thring John Charles Thring of
Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.
These efforts contributed to the formation of
The Football Association (The FA) in
1863 which first met on the morning of
26 October 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street,
London{{ref.html">Charterhouse School
Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, who was the representative from
Blackheath Rugby Club Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other
History of rugby union English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in
1871 formed the
Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of
Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original fourteen rules of the game. Despite this, the Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s.
Today the laws of the game are determined by the
International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in
1886{{ref|IFAB}} after a meeting in
Manchester of The Football Association, the
Scottish Football Association, the
Football Association of Wales, and the
Irish Football Association.
The world's
Football League first football league was founded in England in
1888 by
Aston Villa director,
William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England.
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA, the international football body, was formed in
Paris in
1904 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in
1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
Image:Kid playing soccer.jpg thumb|250px|Football is popular among children as well as adults.
Overview of the Laws
There are seventeen Laws in the official
Laws of the Game. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although the preface to the Laws does grant national associations the ability to authorise certain modifications for juniors, seniors, women, etc. The Laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen Laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The Laws can be found on the [http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/regulation/0,3527,3,00.html official FIFA website].
Players and equipment
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding
substitute (football) substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum of seven players are required to constitute a team. There are a variety of
Football (soccer) positions positions in which the outfield players are strategically placed by a manager/coach, though these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
One player on each team must be designated as that team's goalkeeper. The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to handle the ball with his hands or arms, but is restricted to doing so within the
Penalty area (football) penalty area (also known as the "box" or "18 yard box") in front of his own goal.
The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt (or jersey), shorts, socks (or stockings), footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewellery or watches).
A number of players may be replaced by
substitute (football) substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum substitutions permitted in international games and in national level leagues are three, though substitution numbers may be varied in other leagues. The usual reasons for a player's replacement include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or to waste a little time at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in the match.
Officials
A game is presided over by a
Referee (football) referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions regarding facts connected with play are final. The referee is assisted by two
assistant referees (formerly called linesmen). In many high-level games there is also a
fourth official, who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.
Playing field
{{main|Football pitch}}
Image:Football pitch metric.png :Image:Football pitch.png 510px|thumb|center|Standard pitch measurements ([[:Image:Football pitch.png|Large version) (
:Image:Football pitch small.png Imperial version).html" title="Meaning of Large version.html" title="Meaning of 510px|thumb|center|Standard pitch measurements ([[:Image:Football pitch.png|Large version">510px|thumb|center|Standard pitch measurements ([[:Image:Football pitch.png|Large version) (
:Image:Football pitch small.png Imperial version)">Large version.html" title="Meaning of 510px|thumb|center|Standard pitch measurements ([[:Image:Football pitch.png|Large version">510px|thumb|center|Standard pitch measurements ([[:Image:Football pitch.png|Large version) (
:Image:Football pitch small.png Imperial version)
{{-}}
The length of the field (pitch) for international adult matches should be in the range 100-110m (110-120 yards) and the width should be in the range 64-75m (70-80 yards).
The longer boundary lines are ''touch lines'', while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are ''goal lines''. On the goal line at each end of the field is a goal. The inner edges of the goal posts must be 7.32m (8 yards) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 2.44m (8 feet) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the
penalty area (colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard box" or simply "the box"). This area consists of the area formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 16.5m (18 yards) from the goalposts and extending 18 yards into the pitch from the goal-line, and a line joining these. This area has a number of important functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender which would usually punished by a direct free kick becomes punishable by a
penalty kick (football) penalty kick.
The field has other field markings and defined areas; these are described in the main article above.
Duration
=Standard durations
=
A standard adult football match consists of two periods (known as halves) of 45 minutes each. There is usually a 15-minute break between halves, known as half time. The end of the match is known as full-time.
=Time added on
=
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and it is part of his duties to make allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, cautions and dismissals, sundry time wasting, etc. When making such an allowance for time lost, the referee is often said to be "adding time on"; the added time is commonly referred to as ''stoppage time'' or ''injury time''. The amount of time is at the sole discretion of the referee, and the referee alone signals when the match has been completed. There are no other timekeepers, although assistant referees carry a watch and may provide a second opinion if requested by the referee. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half the referee will signal how many minutes remain to be played, and the fourth official then signals this to players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number.
Note that there is often semantic debate as to whether the referee is "adding on" time to the end of a half, or rather treating time during stoppages as though it never existed as part of the match time; this distinction has little bearing on the practical conduct of a game, however it may be noted that the pre-
1997 wording of the laws stated that the referee "shall ... allow the full or agreed time ''adding thereto'' all time lost through injury or accident" (Law V), and later FIFA guidelines regarding the annotation of goal scoring times suggested that time is indeed "added-on" to the end of the agreed half period.
=Extra time and shootouts
=
In some competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of
penalty shootout (football) penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Note that goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, unlike kicks from the penalty mark which are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored not making up part of the final score).
Competitions utilising two-leg stages (i.e. where each round involves the two teams playing each other twice) may utilise the so-called
away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the event of the teams being equal on wins; however, should results still be equal following this calculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required. Other competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
=Golden and silver goal experiments
=
{{main articles|
Golden goal and
Silver goal}}
In the late
1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likely to end without requiring
kicks from the penalty mark, which were often seen as an undesirable way to end a match.
These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (
golden goal), or at the end of the first period of extra time if one team was by then leading (
silver goal). Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.
Golden goal was used at the World cup in 2002 (Japan-South Korea), and silver goal was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal).
Starts and re-starts
Each playing period in football commences with a
kick-off (football) kick-off, which is a set kick from the centre-spot by one team. At kick-off all players are required to be in their half of the field, and all players of the non-kicking team must also remain outside the centre-circle, until the ball is kicked and moved. Kick-offs are also used to restart play following a goal.
From the initial kick-off of a period until the end of that period, the ball is "in play" at all times until the end of the playing period, except when the ball leaves the field of play or play is stopped by the referee; in these cases play is re-started by one of the following eight methods:
Image:Directfreekick.jpg direct free kick.html" title="Meaning of right right|300px|thumb|A [[direct free kick taken by the blue-white team..html" title="Meaning of 300px|thumb|A [[direct free kick">right|300px|thumb|A [[direct free kick taken by the blue-white team.">300px|thumb|A [[direct free kick">right|300px|thumb|A [[direct free kick taken by the blue-white team.
*
Kick-off (football) Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_01.htm Law 8]).
*
Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws15_01.htm Law 15]).
*
Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws16_01.htm Law 16]).
*
Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws17_01.htm Law 17]).
*
Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
*
Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
*
Penalty kick (football) Penalty kick: awarded to fouled team following "penal" foul having occurred in their opponent's penalty area. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws14_01.htm Law 14]).
*
Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason (e.g. a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). This is not a common restart, and does not happen very often. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_03.htm Law 8]).
Fouls and misconduct
{{main articles|
Foul (football) and
Misconduct (football)}}
A
foul (football) foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of the Game when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. "Penal fouls", for example handling the ball, tripping an opponent, pushing an opponent, etc, are punishable by a
direct free kick or
penalty kick (football) penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an
indirect free kick.
Misconduct (football) Misconduct may occur at any time, and may be committed by both players and substitutes. Whilst the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. Misconduct may be punished by a
yellow card caution (yellow card) or
red card sending-off (red card).
Recently, there have been problems in professional football leagues because of the problem known as 'diving'. This is the wilful falling over of a player in order to win a free-kick or penalty when little or no contact has been made between the two players. This poses a dilemna for referees who are trying to make a fair and interesting game.
Advantage
The advantage clause states that the referee should allow play to continue — i.e. not stop play — when the team against which an offence has been committed will benefit from having play continue. The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four to five seconds.
Even if an offence is not penalised due to application of the advantage clause the offender may still be sanctioned for any associated misconduct at the next stoppage of play.
Offside
{{main|Offside law (football)}}
The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of both the ball and the second last defending player. It is often assumed that the purpose of this law is to prevent "goal scrounging" or "cherry picking", but in fact the offside law has similar roots to the offside law in rugby. The details and application of this law are complex, and often result in controversy: for more information on offside please refer to the main article above.
Governing bodies
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as
futsal and
beach soccer) is the
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
* Asia:
Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
* Africa:
Confederation of African Football (CAF)
* Central/North America & Caribbean:
CONCACAF Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
* Europe:
UEFA Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
* Oceania:
Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
* South America:
CONMEBOL Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
The recognised various national associations (see
football around the world) oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both with FIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations.
Note that the Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they are maintained by the
International Football Association Board, as discussed in the
#history and development history and development section above.
Major international competitions
Worldwide international competitions
The major international competition in football is the
Football World Cup World Cup organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. Over 190 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased from 24 in
1998) competing over a four-week period. The next World Cup takes place in Germany 2006{{ref|WC2006}}.
There has been a
Football at the Summer Olympics football tournament at the
Summer Olympic Games since
1900, except at the
1932 games in
Los Angeles, California Los Angeles. Originally this was for amateurs only, however since the
1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit with certain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level with a restricted number of over-age players per team; consequently the competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in
1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the
FIFA Women's World Cup.
Major international competitions
The major international competitions of the world and the continental confederations, followed by their major club events where appropriate, are:
* World:
FIFA World Cup;
FIFA Club World Championship
* Europe:
European Football Championship European Championship;
UEFA Champions League
* South America:
Copa América;
Copa Libertadores de América Copa Libertadores
* Africa:
African Nations Cup;
CAF Champions League
* Asia:
Asian Cup;
AFC Champions League
* North/Central America & Caribbean:
CONCACAF Gold Cup;
CONCACAF Champions Cup
* Oceania:
Oceania Nations Cup;
Oceania Club Championship
Names of the game
Image:Soccerball.jpg football (ball) thumb|A [[football (ball)|football.html" title="Meaning of football.html" title="Meaning of thumb|A [[football (ball)|football">thumb|A [[football (ball)|football">football.html" title="Meaning of thumb|A [[football (ball)|football">thumb|A [[football (ball)|football
{{main articles|
Football (soccer) names and
Football (word)}}
The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in
1863, and the name ''association football'' was coined to distinguish the game from the
Football other forms of football played at the time, specifically
rugby football. The term ''soccer'' first appeared in the
1880s as a slang abbreviation of Association football.
Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speaking world, the most common being ''football'' and ''soccer''. The term used depends largely on the need to differentiate the sport from other codes of football followed in a community. ''Football'' is the term used by FIFA, the sport's world governing body, and the
International Olympic Committee. For more details of naming throughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.
See also
Teams and players
*
List of national football teams
*
List of football teams List of club/sub-national football teams
*
List of football (soccer) players List of famous football players
Gameplay
*
Formation (football) Football formations - common team formations
*
Football (soccer) positions Football positions - common player positions
*
Football (soccer) tactics and skills Football tactics and skills
Other varieties of the game
*
Beach soccer
*Indoor football:
futsal,
five a side football, and
indoor soccer
*Informal football-style games: see
street football
*
Paralympic football
Miscellaneous
*
Football culture
*
List of football (soccer) mascots
*
NF-Board
*
Oldest football clubs
*
Cap (football) Representative caps
*
Sports league attendances - total and average league attendances in football and other sports
*
:Category:Football (soccer) computer and video games Football (soccer) computer and video games
-
WikiNews football news portal
{{Football (soccer) chronology}}
{{Women's football}}
References
# {{note|FA}} {{cite web
| title = History of the FA
| work = Football Association website
| url = http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm
| accessdate = February 19
| accessyear = 2006
}}
# {{note|IFAB}} {{cite web
| title = The International FA Board
| work = FIFA website
| url = http://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html
| accessdate = February 19
| accessyear = 2006
}}
# {{note|WC2006}} {{cite web
| title = FIFA World Cup 2006
| work = FIFA World Cup 2006 website
| url = http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/
| accessdate = February 19
| accessyear = 2006
}}
{{commons|Soccer}}
{{wikinewsportal|Football (Soccer)}}
Further reading
* Stefan Szymanski and Tim Kuypers (1999), ''Winners and Losers: The Business Strategy of Football'', Viking
External links
-
Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
-
Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
-
Confederation of African Football (CAF)
-
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
-
Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
-
South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL)
-
Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
-
The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG)
-
The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF)
-
Association of Football Statisticians (AFS)
-
Economics of Football - Literature Review (
PDF)
Category:Ball games
Category:Football (soccer) *
Category:Olympic sports
Category:Team sports
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da:Kategori:Fodbold
de:Kategorie:Fußball
et:Kategooria:Jalgpall
es:CategorÃa:Fútbol
fo:Bólkur:Fótbóltur
fr:Catégorie:Football
ko:분류:축구
id:Kategori:Sepak bola
it:Categoria:Calcio
he:קטגוריה:כדורגל
lb:Category:Fussball
hu:Kategória:Labdarúgás
mt:Category:Futbol
nl:Categorie:Voetbal
ja:Category:サッカー
no:Kategori:Fotball
pl:Kategoria:Piłka nożna
pt:Categoria:Futebol
ru:КатегориÑ?:Футбол
sco:Category:Fitbaa
sq:Category:Futbolli
sk:Kategória:Futbal
sl:Kategorija:Nogomet
sr:Категорија:Фудбал
fi:Luokka:Jalkapallo
sv:Kategori:Fotboll
vi:Thể loại:Bóng đá
tr:Kategori:Futbol
uk:КатегоріÑ?:Футбол
zh:Category:足�
see
Football (soccer)
*** Shopping-Tip: Football (Soccer)
