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LAND
*** Shopping-Tip: LAND
'''Land''' may refer to:
* ''Land'', the part of the
Earth that is not covered by water
**
Landform, a feature of the land
**
Landscape, the layout, appearance and character of a land area
**
Land bridge, a feature exposed during periods of low sea level
* A
landing, the end point of a flight or ocean voyage
A synonym for a '''region belonging to a people''':
* A
country, a geographical area that connotes an independent political entity
* A
nation, particularly in the absence of a state or government
*
Motherland,
fatherland, and
homeland, a person's country of affiliation, birth or ancestral origin
* Specific regions:
** ''Länder'',
states of Germany
** ''Bundesländer'',
states of Austria (sometimes used for states of Germany as well)
**
Lands of Sweden
**
Lands of Denmark
**
Land, Norway, a region in Norway
*
Land borders, a list of the borders of various nations
In '''law''':
*
Real property, real estate and ownership interests
*
Estate in land, law regarding land ownership and titles
** See
Torrens title for modern land ownership and titles in Australia
*
Landlord, the owner of real estate which is leased
*
Land claims, disputed lands
*
Land rights
*
Land (administrative) - an administrative type of division
In '''economics''':
*
Land (economics), a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources
*
Land economy, the study of land usage and development
*
Land grant, a gift of land made by the government for public projects
*
Land reform, the redistribution of land
Other:
*
Land Camera, the first "instant camera"
*
Land Institute, a non-profit agricultural study center Kansas USA
See also
*
Holy Land
*
No Man's Land
*
Promised land
{{disambig}}
da:Land
de:Land
is:Land
nl:Land
ja:国
nn:Land
pl:Kraj
ru:ФедеральнаÑ? землÑ? (значениÑ?)
sk:Krajina
sv:Land (olika betydelser)
zh:陆地
A '''LAND''' attack is a
Denial-of-service_attack DoS (Denial of Service) attack that consists of sending a special poison
Spoofing attack spoofed packet to a computer, causing it to lock up. The security flaw was actually first discovered in 1997 by someone using the alias "m3lt", and has resurfaced many years later in
operating systems such as
Windows Server 2003 and
Windows XP SP2.
How it works
The attack involves sending a spoofed
Transmission Control Protocol TCP SYN (TCP) SYN packet (connection initiation) with the target host's
IP address and an open port as both source and destination.
The reason a land attack works is because it causes the machine to reply to itself continuously.
Definition " A "LAND" attack involves IP packets where the source and destination address are set to address the same device. "
Example (first land attack). It involved sending a spoofed ICMP message to the chargen (character generator) port on a UNIX system. The Character generator would spit out a packet back to the echo port. The echo port would send data back to the chargen and so on, until the resources of the machine were consumed.
Other land attacks have since been found in services like SNMP and Windows 88/tcp (kerberos/global services) which were caused by design flaws where the devices accepted requests on the wire appearing to be from themselves and causing replies repeatedly. (Note, port number changed from 98 to 88 ref. http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers ... TCP 88 is Kerberos)
Vulnerable systems
Below is a list of vulnerable operating systems (discovered by testing on various machines):
*
AIX_operating_system AIX 3.0
*
AmigaOS AmiTCP 4.2 (Kickstart 3.0)
*
BeOS Preview release 2 PowerMac
*
BSD/OS BSDi 2.0 and 2.1
*
Digital VMS
*
FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE and 3.0 (Fixed after required updates)
*
HP External JetDirect Print Servers
*
IBM AS/400 OS7400 3.7
*
Irix 5.2 and 5.3
*
Mac OS MacTCP, 7.6.1 OpenTransport 1.1.2 and 8.0
*
NetApp NFS server 4.1d and 4.3
*
NetBSD 1.1 to 1.3 (Fixed after required updates)
*
NeXTSTEP 3.0 and 3.1
*
Novell 4.11
*
OpenVMS 7.1 with UCX 4.1-7
*
QNX 4.24
*
Rhapsody (OS) Rhapsody Developer Release
*
SCO_Group SCO OpenServer 5.0.2 SMP, 5.0.4
*
SCO_Group SCO Unixware 2.1.1 and 2.1.2
*
SunOS 4.1.3 and 4.1.4
*
Microsoft Windows Windows 95, NT and XP SP2
How to avoid being attacked
Most
Firewall (networking) firewalls should intercept the poison packet thus protecting the host from this attack. Some operating systems released updates fixing this security hole.
External links
-
Original post about the attack
-
Article about XP's vulnerability
Category:Denial-of-service attacks
*** Shopping-Tip: LAND
