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Raisin

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{{globalize}} {{otheruses}} Image:Raisins.jpg right|200px '''Raisins''' are dried grapes. Raisins can be eaten raw or used in cooking and baking. Raisins are very sweet due to the high concentration of their sugars, and if they are stored for a long period the sugar crystallisation crystallises inside the fruit. This makes the fruit gritty, but does not affect their usability. To decrystalise raisins, they can be soaked in liquid (alcohol, fruit juice, or boiling water) for a short period, dissolving the sugar. In the United States, the term 'raisin' refers to any form of dried grape. California raisins – both the sun-dried dark naturals and the goldens – are made by drying Thompson Seedless grapes; dark naturals are sun dried, while goldens are treated with sulphur then flame dried. Another variety of seedless grape, the Black Corinth, is also sun dried to produce Zante currants, mini raisins that are much darker in colour and have a tart, tangy flavour. In Australia and other countries specific varieties are given separate names. In particular, in Australia raisins are largest, Sultana_(grape) sultanas are intermediate, while Zante_currant currants are smallest. Alternately, sultanas are assumed to come from white/green grapes while raisins are believed to be produced from the red counterparts. Raisins are also produced in Greece especially in the areas of Peloponessus, Crete and smaller islands. The main variety used in the Greek raisin is the sultana. The grapes are mostly sun-dried thus producing seedless raisins of average size and golden color. A notable exception to this rule is the grape variety cultivated especially for the purpose of raisin production in Corinthia that give darker and smaller type of raisin named Corinthian. Corinthian raisins are not seedless. The Victorian era Victorian parlour game called Snap-dragon (game) Snap-dragon involved raisins being plucked from a bowl of burning brandy.

Etymology
The word ''raisin'' dates back to Middle English , a loanword from Old French (in Old French and French language French, ''raisin'' means "grape", while a raisin in French is called a ''raisin sec'', a "dry grape"). The Old French word in turn developed from Latin ''Wiktionary:racemus racemus'', "a bunch of grapes". The Latin word is of unclear origin.

Nutritional value
In a 1/4 cup serving of California raisins (40 grams), there is usually quite a bit of sugar (28-32 grams, a lot of it in the form of fructose), contributing to around 110-140 calories. Also, a serving of raisins usually has 2 grams of fiber, as well as a very small amounts of protein (often 1 gram), sodium (usually around 10 milligrams), calcium, and iron. Raisins are high in potassium, with 310 milligrams (about 9% of the daily value).

Raisins and tooth decay
Dentists and Dental hygienists have long recommended not eating raisins as it was believed that the combination of sugars and stickiness in them would promote Dental cavities tooth decay and Periodontal disease gum disease. However, research indicates that the stickiness of a food is not an indicator of its effects on oral health. Additionally, raisins have been found to contain several chemical compounds that may assist in fighting oral bacteria. In a laboratory, extracts from raisins were found to slow the growth of ''Streptococcus mutans'', the main bacteria behind tooth decay. Five chemicals in raisins — oleanolic acid, oleanolic aldehyde, betulin, betulinic acid, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural — seem to be responsible for slowing the bacteria. In addition, oleanic acid prevents ''S. mutans'' from sticking to tooth enamel. (Wu, ''et al.'', 2005)

References
* {{Conference reference | Author=C. D. Wu, J. F. Rivero-Cruz, M. Zhu, B. Su, A. D. Kinghorn | Title=Antimicrobial Phytochemcals in Thompson Seedless Raisins (''Vitis vinifera L.'') Inhibit Dental Plaque Bacteria | Booktitle=American Society for Microbiology meeting. June 5-9. Atlanta | Year=2005 | Pages=}} [http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstractPrintFriendly.asp?CKey={F2F471D3-4975-4531-91A3-99EF6E664CEC}&SKey={A60C59D2-2740-438F-8EDB-FBCA9A4ED3C2}&MKey={382D7E47-BE0B-4BBA-B3A6-E511C92FA999}&AKey={32093528-52DC-4EBE-9D80-29DAD84C92CE} Abstract]

See also
* Sultana * Currant

External links
{{wiktionary}} * {{cite web | title=Raisins | work=Cooking.com | url=http://www.cooking.com/advice/adgloss.asp?GlossType=ingr&Item=Raisins | accessdate=2005-07-14 }}
- Natural Benefits and Curative Properties Category:Fruit Category:Dried foods ca:Pansa da:Rosin de:Rosine es:Pasa fr:Raisin sec it:Uva sultanina nl:Rozijn ja:ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚ºãƒ³ no:Rosin nn:Rosin pl:Rodzynki pt:Passa sl:Rozine fi:Rusina sv:Russin zh:è‘¡è?„ä¹¾

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