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Referee
*** Shopping-Tip: Referee
A '''referee''' is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many
sports. Officials in some sports are known by a variety of other titles, including
umpire (disambiguation) umpire,
judge or
linesman.
Origin
The term referee originated in
football (soccer) association football (soccer). Originally the team
captain (sports) captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an ''umpire''. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this ''referee'' would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now
assistant referees). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association.
Examples
American football
{{main|Official (American football)}}
An
American football referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. He is assisted by six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as "Referees" but each has a title based on their position. The officials consist of: Referee, Head Linesman, Line Judge, Umpire, Back Judge, Side Judge, and Field Judge.
Association football
{{main|Referee (football)}}
An
Football (soccer) association football (soccer) match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5). The referee is assisted by two
assistant referee assistant referees, and sometimes also by a
fourth official.
Basketball
A
basketball referee is the highest official in a game. He is assisted by either one or two umpires, although umpires are generally accepted to have the same authority as the referee and therefore they are collectively known as the ''officials'' or sometimes, misleadingly, the referees.
Boxing
{{main|Referee (boxing)}}
Cricket
{{main|Match referee}}
In
cricket, the match referee is an off-field official who makes judgements concerning the reputable conduct of the game and hands out penalties for breaches of the
ICC Cricket Code of Conduct. On-field decisions relevant to the play and outcome of the game itself are handled solely by on-field
umpire (cricket) umpires.
Ice hockey
{{main|Official (ice hockey)}}
Games of
ice hockey are presided over by on-ice referees, who are generally assisted by on-ice linesmen. The combination of officials used may vary from league-to-league.
Rugby union and Rugby league
Both codes of
rugby football are controlled by an onfield referee assisted by two
touch judge touch judges, and often, a
video referee
Tennis
A
Tennis#Officials tennis referee is an off-court official.
Wrestling (Amateur)
The international styles of
sport wrestling use a three-official system in which a referee conducts the action in the center of the mat while a judge and a mat chairman remain seated and evaluate the action from their stationary vantage points.
Attire
image:Refuniforms.gif thumb|left|examples of U.S. Soccer referees' uniforms
Referees typically wear clothing to distinguish themselves from the players. Such uniforms may be distinctive, and some traditional uniforms have come to be symbolically associated with the position (even if newer, alternative uniforms are increasingly used). Notable examples include the traditional black uniform worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports.
Other uses
*A ''referee'' can refer to those charged with the reviewing of a submission in the process of
peer review.
*A ''referee'' can also be a person who provides a ''reference'' for a person as part of a job application or similar process.
*In US jurisprudence, a ''referee'' is a judicial officer whose jurisdiction is derivative of that of another court and who is authorized to adjudicate "referred" matters, such as juvenile delinquency or (prior to 1978)
bankruptcy.
See also
*
Timekeeper
Category:Sports occupations
Category:Sports officiating
de:Schiedsrichter
fr:Arbitre
pl:Sędzia (sport)
tr:Hakem
zh:�判
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