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Sea monster

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Image:20000_squid_holding_sailor.jpg thumb|Picture taken from a [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel|Hetzel copy of ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'']]Image:Loch-Ness-Monster.jpg thumb|Loch Ness Monster '''Sea monsters''' are often miscategorized as mythical, but are actually legendary gigantic sea-dwelling creatures (but see also lake monsters). Marine monsters can take myriad forms: sea European dragon dragons, sea serpents, or multi-armed beasts, slimy or scaly, often spouting jets of water. Often they are pictured threatening ships and boats.

Overview
The decorative drawings of heraldic dolphins and sea monsters that were frequently used throughout history to illustration illustrate maps died away with modern cartography (see for example the ''Carta marina''). Nonetheless even today there are witnesses who report sea monsters. Such sightings are studied by folklorists and Cryptozoology cryptozoologists. Sea monster accounts are found in virtually all cultures that have contact with the sea. Eyewitness accounts come from all over the world. For example, Avienus relates of Himilco the Navigator Carthaginian explorer Himilco's voyage "...there monsters of the deep, and beasts swim amid the slow and sluggishly crawling ships." (lines 117-29 of Ora Maritima). Humphrey Gilbert Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed to have encountered a lion-like monster with "glaring eyes" on his return voyage after formerly claiming St. John's, Newfoundland (1583) for England. Another account of an encounter with a sea monster comes from July 1734. Hans Egede, a Denmark Danish/Norwegian missionary reported that on a voyage to Gothaab/Nuuk on the western coast of Greenland: :''[There] appeared a very terrible sea-animal, which raised itself so high above the water, that its head reached above our maintop. It had a long, sharp snout, and blew like a whale, had broad, large flippers, and the body was, as it were, covered with hard skin, and it was very wrinkled and uneven on its skin; moreover on the lower part it was formed like a snake, and when it went under water again, it cast itself backwards, and in doing so it raised it tail above the water, a whole ship length from its body. The evening we had very bad weather.'' Other reports are known from the Pacific Ocean Pacific, Indian Ocean Indian and Southern Ocean Southern Oceans (e.g. see Heuvelmans 1968). A more recent development has been the mysterious "Bloop" picked up by hydrophonic equipment since 1997. While matching the audio characteristics of an animal, it is too large to be a whale. Investigations thus far have been inconclusive. It is debatable what these modern "monsters" might be: possibilities include frilled shark, basking shark, oarfish, giant squid, seiches, and whales. For example Ellis (1999) suggested the Egede monster might have been a giant squid. Other connections are made with possible survivors among the giant marine reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous (see under ichthyosaur and plesiosaur) as well as extinct whales like ''Basilosaurus''. In 1892, Anthonid Cornelis Oudemans, then director of the Royal Zoological Gardens at The Hague saw the publication of his ''The Great Sea Serpent'' which suggested that many sea serpent reports were best accounted for as a previously unknown giant, long-necked pinniped. It is likely that many other reports of sea monsters are misinterpreted sightings of shark and whale carcasses (see below), floating kelp, logs or other flotsam such as abandoned rafts, canoes and fishing nets.

Sea monster carcasses
Sea monster corpses have been reported since antiquity (Heuvelmans 1968). The alleged plesiosaur netted by the Japanese trawler ''Zuiyo Maru'' off New Zealand caused a sensation in 1977 and was immortalized on a Japanese postage stamp, before it turned out to be the decomposing carcass of a basking shark. Likewise DNA testing confirmed that a sea monster washed up on Fortune Bay, Newfoundland in August 2001 was a sperm whale. Another modern example of a "sea monster" was the strange creature washed up on the Chilean sea shore in July 2003. It was first described as a "mammoth jellyfish as long as a bus" but was later determined to be the corpse of a sperm whale. Such unidentified carcasses are often called Globsters. Cases of boneless, amorphic globsters are sometimes believed to be gigantic octopus octopi, but it has now been determined that sperm whales dying at sea decompose in such a way that the blubber detaches from the body, forming featureless whitish masses that sometimes exhibit a hairy texture due to exposed strands of collagen fibers. The analysis of the ''Zuiyo Maru'' carcass revealed a comparable phenomenon in decomposing basking shark carcasses, which lose most of the lower head area and the dorsal and caudal fins first, making them resemble a plesiosaur.

Legendary sea monsters
* Capricorn, Babylonian Water-Goat, in the Zodiac * Bear Lake Monster * Champ (legend) Champ * Charybdis, of Homer * Jörmungandr, the Norse Midgard Serpent. * Kraken * Lake Tianchi Monster * Leviathan * Loch Ness Monster * Mermaid Mermaids * Mokele mbembe * Muc-sheilch (Loch Maree Monster) * Ogopogo * Proteus * Scylla, of Homer * Sea monk * Various sea serpents * Sirens, of Homer * The Rainbow Fish * Tiamat, the constellation Cetus * Triton (mythology) Tritons

Modern sea monsters of popular culture
* Cadborosaurus willsi Cadborosaurus, of the Pacific Northwest 00998234 * Colossal Claude & Marvin the Monster, Mouth of the Columbia River * Champ (legend) Champ, of Lake Champlain, NY * Chessie (sea monster) Chessie of the Chesapeake Bay * Lake Tianchi Monster, China * Phaya Naga of the Mekong River, Laos

Fictional sea monsters
* Cthulhu, of H. P. Lovecraft * Godzilla * The Nautilus (Jules Verne) * Remoras (in the ancient sense) * The Krakens in ''The Kraken Wakes'' by John Wyndham

Sea monsters that aren't
The Caspian Sea Monster was a Russian hovercraft/plane experiment, also called the ekranoplan.

References
*Ellis, R. (1999) In Search of the Giant Squid. Penguin. London. *Heuvelmans, B. (1968) In the Wake of the Sea Serpents. Hill & Wang. New York.
- Sea Monsters That Weren't
- "...An Alleged Plesiosaur carcass netted in 1977..."
- Ireland Mystery Animals..." category:cryptids category:legendary creatures da:Søuhyre de:Seeungeheuer es:Monstruo marino fi:Merihirviö

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